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Fundraising through a crowdfunding campaign generates new mechanisms for collection strategies. In this contribution, the notions of social capital and territorial capital are more particularly studied. The purpose of this research is to identify the main mechanisms that can explain the willingness of individuals, outside the family circle and the friendly circle, to finance entrepreneurial projects. With this in mind, the study of the L'Effet Bocal grocery store – an unpackaged grocery store located in the French city of Poitiers – serves as a base for our discussion. In support of this case study, we show that, when it comes to crowdfunding with an entrepreneurial purpose, the notion of territory seems to persist. And this, despite the removal of technical and geographical barriers that induces the broader dynamics of crowdsourcing.

Keywords: Crowdfunding (financement participatif), Crowdsourcing, Capital social, Capital territorial, Entrepreneuriat, Crowdfunding, Crowdsourcing, Social capital, Territorial capital, Entrepreneurship, Crowdfunding, Crowdsourcing, Capital social, Capital territorial, Emprendimiento

This article focuses on the book as a means of stabilizing and disseminating a specifically collective activist voice. Lately, multi-voice proposals using atypical book forms have come to light. We examine recent experimental editorial objects emanating from different areas of the northern Francophonie, objects which are part of an openly proclaimed activist dynamic: the “sauvegarde n° 1” of the project nous sommes partout (Éditions Abrüpt); the first four volumes of the literary review Sabir; the serial publications of La Conspiration dépressionniste; and the Petit manuel critique d'éducation aux médias (Éditions du commun). Predominantly, we observe a logic of the collective and an intrinsic inclusiveness, a procedural horizontality, a diversification of form and content, and the demarketing of the book‑object. As participants in an activism inscribed in the event experience, these enterprises testify to a crystallization of community-making through the sociopolitical impact of their publications.

Keywords: Édition, expérimentations livresques, activisme, collectif, francophonie septentrionale, Publishing, book experimentations, activism, collective, northern Francophonie

Students have been on strike for over a century in Quebec and around the world. A search in the archives of the Quebec press and 62 semi-structured interviews helped to paint a picture − albeit incomplete − of student strikes in Quebec, to identify their causes, forms and, political significance from the students' point of view. The experience of the strike allows them to evaluate the political interest of autonomous collective actions and to question the official discourse that reduces “democracy” to elections and the student council, as repeated in unison by the Ministry of Education, the National Assembly, Élections Québec, and several academics experts of citizenship education.

Keywords: grève, élèves, démocratie, conseil d'élèves, comité d'élèves, strike, students, democracy, student council, student committee, huelga, alumnos, democracia, consejo de alumnos, comité de alumnos

AbstractAt the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th, the hostility of Canadian intellectuals toward the United States and continental integration was expressed through two different conservative discourses : Anglo-Canadian imperialism and French-Canadian nationalism. Despite their fundamental divergence on the national question, these doctrines shared an essentially anti-modern perspective and found a point of convergence in their vigorous critiques of the United States. For the imperialist and nationalist right, the United States represented the very essence of modernity, given its acceptance, among other things, of secularism, democracy and mass culture. In English Canada, where British political institutions and the imperial link were seen as the pillars of Canadian identity, anti-American discourse had a tendency to concentrate on political and diplomatic questions. In Quebec, where political institutions played a secondary role in national identity, social and cultural questions dominated anti-American discourse.

Who is d'Artagnan? The historical figure has long since faded behind Dumas' creation; but in a similar way, the character of The Three Musketeers no longer exists. Re-imagined a thousand times, adapted to every fictional medium, transformed with every reading and every new production, he is now linked to the original work that founded his success only by a few loose characteristics - a name, an ideal, some friends and enemies. While these traits still remain in each incarnation of the character, they no longer depend on Alexandre Dumas' work, but on the context of its rewriting. In this process of change, the series format has had a paradoxical effect: its proximity to the logic of the serial novel brings the serialized d'Artagnan curiously close to his origins, but also makes him all the more elastic. We will focus on this paradox by comparing two relatively recent rewritings of the character: the first in the Soviet series D'Artagnan and the Three Musketeers (1978-1994) which, while attempting to reproduce the novel down to the last line, succeeds in turning it into an ode to life in Eastern Europe before and after the fall of the Communist regime; the second in the series The Musketeers (2014-2016), which, while completely detached from the original novel in terms of plot, manages to translate the chivalric aspect of the Duma-esque musketeers to embody anxieties specific to the 21st century.

Keywords: Dumas, Dumas, character, personnage, transmédialité, transmedia, appropriation, appropriation, d’Artagnan, d’Artagnan

1983 marked a first turning point in the career of director David Cronenberg who chose to turn to literary adaptations rather than original screenplays. However, whatever the relationship he has with the adapted material (King, Ballard, etc.), the figure of William Burroughs remains a constant in his work: an Ur-text. Cronenberg is, in fact, a “Burroughsian” director (a term that it is up to us to define) in all of his adaptations, including the most personal, and the influence of the American writer, of whom he is a reader, is found even in Consumed, a novel by the Canadian published in 2014. We will thus analyze the paradoxical relationship between Cronenberg and Burroughs, the filmmaker taking charge of the impact of the novelist as much in his style as in his themes, while seeking to move away from any imitation and searching for a voice which is unique to him. Also, 1991 is a second turning point in the career of the director who, by adapting Naked Lunch, a novel considered unadaptable by William Burroughs, decides to confront his inevitable model while freeing himself, to a large extent, from the source text. In doing so, Cronenberg definitely plays with the rules of adaptation but also, and perhaps above all, of transgression, and invents a new kind of transposition which says as much about the figure of the insurmountable writer as about that of the artist who questions the mechanisms of the creative process, contagion and authority.

Keywords: David Cronenberg, David Cronenberg, William S. Burroughs, William S. Burroughs, adaptation cinématographique, movie adaptation, cinéma, cinema, cut-up, cut-up

The rise in popularity of the maker movement in schools is evident around the globe, yet research, particularly in French, is still in early stages. This article provides a scoping review of maker projects in grades four through eight classrooms in elementary schools from around the globe, aiming to uncover their implementation, materials used, and outcomes on students and teachers. From 1900 initial studies, 68 scientific articles were analyzed. This article outlines the three stages of maker projects: 1) inspiration and preparation, 2) implementation and realization, and 3) presentation and recontextualization, while highlighting an equal mix of digital and physical tools within the selected papers. It also discusses the impact on students across affective, social, disciplinary, and metacognitive dimensions, as well as on teachers, including pedagogical, affective, and social outcomes. Examples of disciplinary, interdisciplinary, and transdisciplinary maker projects are highlighted, showcasing the broad scope and potential of maker education. These findings are essential for strengthening teacher education with research-informed best practices for designing and integrating maker projects in classrooms.

Keywords: digital technologies, bricoleur, maker, formation enseignante, maker, maker education, revue de la portée, scoping review, teacher education, technologies éducatives

Historically spoken in France, Switzerland and Italy, Francoprovençal has been a language of oral communication since the 6th century and a literary language since the 13th century. Diffused from Lyon on both sides of the major Alpine passes, it includes many dialects, but has often been autonomous from French. Production of texts in Francoprovençal is now rare in the Rhône-Alpes region, even in Savoie and Bresse, where there are still some speakers. If the language is to find an audience, even a small one, translation into French has become essential - especially as people who still understand the language are not used to reading it. Yet there was a time, particularly in the 17th century, when epics and plays were published in Francoprovençal without translation. Only the paratext was in French. At the turn of the 20th century, many chronicles in local newspapers were still published solely in “patois”. Then, as linguistic assimilation progressed after 1945, French appeared alongside Francoprovençal, particularly in bulletins from associations of “Patois” speakers or glossaries, which have multiplied since the 1980s and are often accompanied by bilingual stories. Translation into Francoprovençal also plays a role, but enriched with metalinguistic comments in French, especially in the case of comic strips or fables that are easily accessible in the original language. At a time when the native language has become almost inaudible in the public sphere, we seek to illustrate the issues surrounding translation, whether in terms of self-translation and double writing (two languages facing each other), the coexistence of languages to reflect the former societal diglossia, or the question of spelling - regional or supradialectal as the case may be.

Keywords: francoprovençal, Francoprovençal, Bilingual Writing, écriture bilingue, Diglossia, revitalisation, Revitalization, diglossie, self-translation, autotraduction

Language policies should be designed for speakers, not languages. To this end, trust in speakers and of speakers of indigenous languages could be a guiding principle in the definition of translation policies on at least three points: the right to use one's “heart language” requires constant information on multilingualism for speakers, and also for non-speakers, of the indigenous languages of a given territory; translation and self-translation, terminography and interpreting are likely to support the choice to live in this language; training, resources and linguistic tools are required to enable the exercise of these activities. For this type of translation policy, the Breton case studied here suggests exploring the paths of descriptive rather than prescriptive terminology, dialectology, science and collaborative productions

Keywords: politique de traduction, translation policy, language policy, politique linguistique, langue bretonne, Breton language, multiliguisme, multilingualism, speakers, locuteurs

In descriptions of European travel narratives since the 16th century, representations of the African are indistinguishable from those of other "savages" whose newly discovered lives both fascinate and repel. In the 18th century, even as allusions to New World cannibalism tended to dissipate, and the image of the "good savage" developed, the cannibalistic discourse on Africa continued to expand. This work proposes to observe how it emerges and spreads in European texts. In other words, the formation of this discourse on the other will be questionned in order to perhaps understand how it became fixated on the African: imaginary discourse, no doubt, but whose contagion still contaminates today’s perception of Blackness as otherness, and informs the persistent discourse of his perceived wildness.