Documents found
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171.More information
Human rights have been seen as basic to the ethical distinctiveness and legitimization of states. They also contribute to the international culture of state moral standards. Interdependence between states is based on a minimum of shared values or accepted rules, including human rights, which symbolically constitute a universe of constraints. The codification of human rights through the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and Africa's experience in the area of international ethics support the hypothesis of an international culture of moral standards.
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172.More information
This article addresses the housing conditions in Bamako, the capital of Mali. Referring to the building materials and the availability of urban services, we first outline a diffentiation in housing conditions within the territory of the city, while underscoring the rudimentary nature of these conditions throughout this territory. Then, we show that these rudimentary housing conditions are not limited to tenants, but also concern a significant proportion of owner-occupiers. However the proportion of the tenants and owner-occupiers concerned varies from one type of neighbourhood to another. Finally, we examine two types of households' answers relating to their housing conditions, transforming their dwelling or moving, and we point out a difference between tenants and owner-occupiers.
Keywords: Logement, matériaux de construction, services urbains, quartiers, ménages, locataires, propriétaires, Bamako, Mali, Sahel, Afrique, Housing, building materials, urban services, neighbourhood, households, tenants, owner-occupiers, Bamako, Mali, Sahel, Africa
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174.More information
SummaryThe objective of this study was to investigate the risks of runoff and erosion of soils in the Rheraya catchment (High Atlas, Morocco) using infiltrometer tests on 1 m2 plots. We were looking for indicators that are easily obtained directly from field observations (ground surface features) or by laboratory tests (aggregate stability, soil texture and organic matter), and are well correlated with infiltrability and turbidity measurements from the infiltrometer tests. For the various soils present in the study area, the results show a large variability of infiltrability values (from 1 to 70 mm·h-1) and turbidity (from 1.5 to 325 g·L-1). The turbidity was correctly measured thanks to the development of a new runoff collector that doesn't disturb the soil. Although runoff and erosion are the result of interactions among many parameters, some of these appear to be dominant in our case. The measurements show that the infiltrability was correlated mainly with texture and soil surface opening, whereas turbidity was related to the surface of bare soil that was exposed to runoff. These indicators may be used to determine the spatialization of potential erosion in the Rheraya catchment.
Keywords: irrigateur manuel à rampe, indicateurs des risques d'érosion, infiltrabilité, turbidité, spatialisation, Atlas marocain, manual line irrigator, erosion indicators, infiltrability, turbidity, spatialization, Moroccan Atlas
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175.More information
Keywords: Tout inclus, aménagement, écotourisme, littoral, Sénégal
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176.More information
AbstractBased on fieldwork carried out in two neighborhoods in Dakar (Senegal) that differentiate strongly both in their historical constitution and in their social and economical profiles, this study reveals the new dynamics in family solidarity in a global context marked by increasing social and economical precariousness. Centering on three major elements : firstly, the perennial central position of family solidarity although nowadays more closely related to the symbolical and the referential ; secondly, their differentiating structuring depending to social category, gender and generation ; and finally their tested strength as a source of new dynamics. These apply in particular to a strengthening of solidarity in the conjugal space, to an upheaval of the flow of solidarity between the “crisis generations” and the “social elders”, as well as a critical discourse leading to questioning family solidarity given the appearance of new, practical aspirations reflecting more precisely the family's economic and social life.
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