Documents found
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262.More information
The local conventions can be defined as justifiable agreements negotiated between several stakeholders in a perspective of natural and environmental resources regulation - in terms of control, access, appropriation, usage and exploitation. In Sahel, although they are fashionable and enjoy more attention at the decision-makers, these instruments are still poorly considered in the current context of the decentralization (Diallo, 2003), like plans of occupation and affectation of grounds (POAS) experimented in the valley of the Senegal River. The aim of this paper is to question, from a survey led in a rural district with elected representatives, with technicians, with associative persons in charge and with users, the impact of this informal system, although formalized, of joint land management. The POAS, contributed to strengthen the capacities of the local elected representatives to act in their space, and farmers users to deliberate collectively on a stake so crucial as the agropastoral land tax. It was not however the object of an effective appropriation on behalf of these elected representatives in charge of its application, and these supposed users to follow the agreed operational rules. Between empowerment and problem of appropriation, the local conventions are left by tools necessary for a management shared by the common resources, and thus for a strengthened local governance.
Keywords: décentralisation, conventions locales, gestion des ressources naturelles, plan d'occupation et d'affectation des sols, autonomisation, problème d'appropriation, Decentralization, local conventions, natural resources management, plan of occupation and affectation of grounds, empowerment, problem of appropriation
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265.More information
SUMMARYWhat are the implications of population resettlement schemes from poor regions to more fertile regions on the condition of women? Using the Sahelian experience, the article suggests that, even though resettlement is generally accompanied by significant increases in household resources, it does not necessarily imply an improvement in the status of women
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266.More information
The crisis of the State preceded structural adjustment, the latter only exposing a pre-existing economic and financial crisis. As a result of this financial crisis, the State's ambitions have fallen into discredit. Its leaders are less able to redistribute wealth and, as one problem leads to another, their political survival is threatened. The « revolt of the belly » has been carried over to the political playing-field thanks to favourable international circumstances which have forced states to accept multipartygovernment. From this viewpoint, the collapse of ideological models and the structural policies of adjustment are as much factors in the crisis of the African State as they are in its renewal.
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267.More information
The purpose of this article is to clarify the legal debate around the foundations of the compliance of sub-Saharan Africa States with international human rights law. The analysis proposed tends to underline the originality of the position of the author who, without however challenging legal formalism, shows that it is mainly outside the law that lie the basics of sub-Saharan African States' conformity to international human rights law. Taking into account the economic and strategic fragility of these States, I argue that the substantial basis for their conformity is due to the economic, financial and political pressure they undergo from the powerful subjects of international society. Moreover, it offers as a subsidiary basis the influence of Western legal culture and the quest for the credibility of these weak States on the international level.
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268.More information
Quebec's resource regions are experiencing a cycle of demographic devitalization, where successive regional development policies and programs do not seem to have an effect. These policies focus mainly on enhancing economic potential, stimulating entrepreneurship and promoting centres of excellence, that are all lacking in the regions. However, by focusing on what is lacking in the regions, the strategies promoted minimize significant assets of these regions: firstly, the institutional capital and the potential of the products and services that its institutions could provide; secondly, the location advantage of these regions of Quebec, whose needs complementarity with other francophone regions of the world is striking. This article points out that Quebec regions have every interest in taking advantage of the diversity and number of organizations and institutions that mesh regional territories. It also points out the educational, cultural and artistic advantages that these institutions can provide in the growing global market of education, culture and leisure activity.
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269.More information
The archival training program implemented in the early 1980s in the Republic of Benin was inspired by the model developed in the aftermath of the French Revolution and long implemented by the École nationale des chartes. A recent evaluation revealed three fundamental gaps in teaching : 1) skills in active records management ; 2) archival description standards ; and 3) subject indexing tools. In response, a new training program has been developed.The article describes the difficulties encountered in the management of archives in government and businesses in Benin, and the solution provided by the University of Abomey-Calavi.
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270.More information
The social and economic situation in sub-Saharan Africa in general and Cameroon in particular is characterised by widespread social exclusion. This situation has fostered the development of systems of solidarity such as mutual health insurance. This article looks at the creation of mutual health insurance in Cameroon. We show that mutual members go to public hospitals and health centres in the first instance more than non-members, but they spend less on healthcare. In addition, mutual members have higher incomes than non-members, which explains the low membership rate. The study argues in favour of increasing the capacities of the national health system so that it can continually and sustainably improve the real conditions in which mutuals operate, thus helping to tackle major healthcare problems.