Documents found
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991.More information
The Sars-Cov2 pandemic has disproportionately impacted persons with disabilities, affecting them in access to rights and participation support. The acknowledgement of the enjoyment of human rights by persons with disabilities, introduced by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities is often not yet applied in Italy. Invisible to emergency systems, despite indications from the international community, discriminated against and stigmatized by associations such as SIAARTI which, in the presence of limited resources to fight against the coronavirus, proposed by medical triage not to help the elderly and persons with severe disabilities, severely affected by the lock down of services dedicated to them (inclusive school, rehabilitation activities, shortage of home services), these persons have seen a large number of deaths in the residences that should have protected them, but did not. To avoid the recurrence of these critical issues, the transformation of the welfare state towards objectives of inclusion, empowerment and full participation is proposed, strongly anchored in the communities, with the personalization of interventions, habilitation and support resilience, home support in one's living environment.
Keywords: protection, discrimination, pandémie, handicap, protection, discrimination, pandemic, disability
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992.More information
One of the important changes taking place in the transportation world is the growing importance of the "fixed elements" in transportation, which have traditionally been given a minor place with respect to moving elements (vehicles, roads, circulation, driving, and so on). In other words, in network terms, the "points" are now being reevaluated with respect to lines. From the modest sidewalk bus stop to an airport exchange complex, "network-points" indeed present a double challenge: 1) that of the insertion of the network into a territory (problems of placement, urban insertion, socio-economic effects); 2) and of multi-modality, that is, connection or networking among several modes or systems of transportation (including public/private). The present article proposes an analysis of the concept of "network-points" in order to decude a classification typology and a method for examining functionalities and services offered within these transportation areas.
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995.More information
Comparison of the Return on Pension Schemes: an Illustrative Study It is not easy to compare returns on different pension schemes, since the various schemes obey relatively different types of reasoning. However, such a comparison is an essential step in any analysis of the French pension system. The greatest hurdle when trying to compare the schemes' returns is knowing whether the relative advantages of public-sector pension schemes are offset by lower net wages. If it is assumed that the differences in pension scheme gains have no effect on wage differences, then employer contributions to the pension schemes would have to be the same across the board for actuarial neutrality to exist in terms of pension-scheme labour cost. In this case, a homogeneous rate of employer contribution is used to evaluate indicators such as the internal rate of return (or actuarial rate) and the present value of the pension systems for individuals starting their working life in 1998. Our illustrative cases suggest that the public-sector schemes have the edge in this regard. The alternative hypothesis is that the public-sector pension advantages are due solely to a different choice by individuals: a lower direct wage, but greater benefits. Two approaches are therefore possible. The first is similar to that described above in that it takes the schemes' different contribution rates, which are defined by the employers' present contributions. The second makes the a priori assumption that any pension gains are passed on to the wage, which reveals the quantum of wage abnegation in the public sector. In this last approach, the equality of discounted incomes for a case representing a wage-earner starting work at 22 years old in 1998 assumes that, given equal qualifications and work, the net wage of a civil servant will be some 4% to 14% lower than that of a private-sector employee. These results should be handles with care, since this study is essentially methodological. A case study of actual wage categories would have to be made to accurately determine whether the relative generosity of certain schemes really is counterbalanced in terms of wages. If this were not the case for certain wage categories, then these categories would really appear favoured by the pension system.
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997.More information
Crisis and restructuration in the French steel industry. — The crisis in the French steel industry has been especially serious since 1974. This branch is very vulnerable and is adapting with difficulty to the brutal change in operating conditions. Economic, social and regional aspects of the crisis are analysed at the level of the Usinor group, a level to which have been defined and applied technical, economic and social measures for a restructuration which modifies profoundly both the spatial organisation of the branch on the national scale, and the organisation of space through the branch on the local and regional scale. If the international economic situation does not undergo any new deterioration, the industrial branch will operate no doubt in 1981 under "normal economic conditions", but the crisis will continue in the old steel plants, of which all the structures have been profoundly shaken and for which the measures to create employment assisted by the "Fonds Spécial d'Adaptation Industrielle" (Special Fund for Industrial Adaptation) will not suffice; this latter is the latest instrument of industrial policy and planning to have been set up in France.
Keywords: economic crisis, steel industry, France, economic restructuration, restructuration économique, crise économique, sidérurgie, France
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