Documents found
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1031.
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1032.More information
The use of evidence-based interventions is increasingly valued in the psychosocial domain, but their process of validation remains controversial. Research on evidence-based interventions has been dominated by efficacy trials, which aim to test the effects of interventions under optimal conditions. However, conclusions from these studies may be difficult to translate in ordinary clinical practice. It is increasingly recognized that efficacy trials should be complemented by effectiveness trials, which aim to test the effects of interventions under real-world conditions. Effectiveness research now occupies an important place in the international scientific literature, but this type of research still has limited visibility in the francophone literature in Quebec and around the world. The aims of this article are to define effectiveness research, to present its main methods, and to highlight its implications for the validation and definition of evidence-based interventions. Effectiveness research often represents the first ‘reality check' for an intervention occurring between efficacy research and dissemination or implementation research. This research involves attempting to find a balance between contradictory methodological orientations: to maximize ecological validity, external validity, and practical utility on one side and to preserve internal validity on the other. Through this balance, effectiveness research has the potential to produce evidence that is relevant, applicable, and generalizable, yet also robust. Effectiveness research is increasingly playing a key role in the validation of evidence-based interventions and should become a priority in Quebec.
Keywords: Efficacité, effectivité, interventions fondées sur les preuves, interventions factuelles, meilleures pratiques, Efficacy, effectiveness, randomized-controlled trials, evidence-based interventions, evidence-based practice, best practices, practice guidelines
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1033.More information
Over the past ten years, the contemporary Japanese horror film has been the site of a return of the ghost film. Through close analysis of specific sequences, the present discussion approaches this phenomenon by postulating a spectatorial mode of address, the ghost attraction. This concept takes into account both spectacular thrills and the special effect of ghostly appearances in the cultural tradition of Noh and kabuki theatre. It is linked in certain ways (independence from the narrative, shock effects) to the theory of attractions, from Eisenstein to Gunning. The staging of confrontations and changes of role make the victims take on the part of the viewer in a state of shock. Nevertheless, these contemporary films also incorporate serial and networked images of ghosts. The repetitive nature of the apparitions suggests a diegetic construction based on a “haunting” mode of disappearance and oblivion. But does the ghosts' field of attraction threaten the identity of the subject in the present-day context of the technological circulation of images? The appeal of Japanese horror cinema today creates, instead, a link between aesthetics and history: traumas re-emerge which are grasped through the visibility of ghosts which have already appeared and disappeared.
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1034.More information
The role of the dollar and the financial hegemony of the United States - The end of the system set up at Bretton Woods and the generalisation of floating exchanges have greatly modified the conditions under which international payments are made. But the need for an international money has not disappeared ; in fact, it has even increased. Thus monetary markets and financiers of the entire world find themselves continually affected by the strategy of industrial entreprises, American financiers and by decisions of the American government. The rates of exchange are at the heart of the conflicts which on a short term basis influence the formation and the division of world revenues, and which on a long term basis have at stake the establishment of dominant positions in the international division of work. The results of these fluctuations are not neutral : the United States, by competetive devaluation of the dollar, is trying to help along the reconversion of its economy. This reconversion has been provoked by changes in the very modes of growth.
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1035.More information
Long neglected in China, jurisprudence tends to emerge. The Supreme People’s Court decided in 2010 to publish for the purposes of guidance exemplary judicial decisions in the form of guiding cases (ànlì zhǐdǎo). This article, after reviewing the characteristics of the guiding cases system, analyzes the principles and rules specified in the twenty guiding cases published by the Supreme People’s Court since 2010 in the field of civil law and concerning personality rights, securities law, inheritance law, matrimonial family law, contract law and tort law, thus filling gaps in the law. The authors also provide suggestions for improving the guiding cases system.
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1036.More information
Public aids to industry: elements of assessment, by Jean Le Foll. Financial aids from the State to industrial firms constitute an important means of public intervention in the production system But what do we mean by aid to industry? What are the objectives, and who are the actual beneficiaries ? The answers are often ambiguous or partial. The ever more clearly expressed objective to modernize manufacturing industries and the high growth of financial aids over the past four years, incite us to take this analysis further.A presentation of annual flows in large categories summarizes the detailed description, appearing in annex, of the various forms of financial aids studied and their evolution during the past fifteen years. It already enables pinpointing a few interesting characteristics: very high growth of export aids over all the period and of nearly all types of aid since 1981, high concentration in four industrial sectors, iron and steel industry, shipbuilding, aeronautics, data processing, as well as in a limited number of large groups, influence of social factors and national independence considerations in the assignment of these public funds.In order to go beyond this first level of observations, it is then necessary to develop the appreciation criteria and elements of comparison. The diversity of the objectives of public intervention in the production system and the diversity of the means used —financial aid generally not being the most important— then lead to a first answer: it is nearly impossible to make a single and complete assessment of whether financial aid alone can achieve all these objectives.At the level of the subsidized firm, it appears first of all that public aid allows taking action, which would not have been made or only to a lesser extent without it, since such action was deemed to be scarcely profitable or too risky by entrepreneurs. It also appears that the permanence and the complexity of the main aid procedures in the French system create changes in behaviour and specific interdependences between entreprises and the administrative depaitments concerned.Finally if the more general effects of aids to industry are considered, we are led to studying their impact on regional development, development of the subsidized industries, the balance of payments, public funds and employment. It can then be noticed that over and beyond the expected results, it is really important to take into account the indirect shifting or crowding out effects which, although difficult to measure, significantly lower the efficiency which may have been assessed beforehand at the mi- croeconomic level. Greater transparency and more systematic posterior assessments would help increase the efficiency of these aids and their suitability for the mam objective of industrial modernization.
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