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122.More information
With the enactment of NAFTA, North America has become the largest free trade zone in the world and the first to group together countries with such vast economic and political disparities. In light of these disparities, it was imperative that NAFTA contain effective dispute resolution mechanisms which would regularly lead to equitable results in cases of conflict between the contracting parties.
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126.More information
In the last decade of the 19th century, the English law of securities had already reached an advanced stage of development. Reception of that law seemed desirable throughout the British Empire. In Quebec, however, wholesale introduction of English concepts and rules could not easily be reconciled with the civil law system. This paper shows how the English law of securities, as it was perceived by writers and judges in Canada, gradually gained currency in many provincial incorporating statutes. This process culminated in the enactment by the Quebec Legislature of the Special Corporate Powers Act of 1914. The paper concludes with a description of the contents of this Act and its evolution up to the present day.
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127.More information
Paris hospitals budget in 1848, from charity to care. Paris hospitals budget is, in the year 1848, the last before the « Assistance Publique » foundation. 1848 is characterised by important political troubles in Paris and an increased hospital activity. Nevertheless, the budget could suggest a certain wealth. Receipts are mainly based on financial funding and real estate incomes. Expenses are, for one half, linked to patients considered as hosts : food, heating, cleaning, etc. Staff expenses are moderate (12 %). Various expenditures are in the same range within the différent hospitals. It is interesting to outline the fact that drug expenses have the same importance than 150 years rater : 4 %. This feature is only an average insofar as general hospital spend about 10 % of their budget in drugs as long-term care hospitals spend only 1 %. This disparity is clearly the proof of an increasing médicalisation of Paris hospitals in the middle of the 19th century.
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