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Conversion rate and German destabilisation : the return on a thwarted integrationStarting from the observation that this integration did not go as expected by the authorities, the objective of this article is the fixing of terms of monetary union and the consequences. Weren't we wrong about the exchange rate ? By studying the adaptability of the exchange rate theories to the case of Germany, we try to understand an equilibrium conversion rate between the two marks. Then, the contradictions outlined in the conversion are used to analyse the consequences of the choices made. The adoption of a disequilibrium rate reinforced the asymmetry of shocks and amplified economic, monetary and financial destabilisation. Thus, the conversion implied a partial loss of control of the monetary policy of the Bundesbank, an economic and employment collapse. Finally, the estimate and the real cost of the union can be compared. This process presents the interest of outlining the importance of integration conditions, and recalling that a union is always possible, as long as we are « prepared to pay the price ».
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803.More information
One recurring criticism of the GATT touched upon its lack of receptiveness to non-trade concerns, in particular environmental concerns. The new WTO changed this, mainly through the Appellate Body case law. To the Appellate Body, the new preamble of the Marrakesh Agreement, as well as the Members' decision to create a Committee on Trade and Environment entrusted to negotiate criteria on the coherence between trade and environment, confirmed that a more international interpretation of exceptions and justifications was warranted. This is especially true in the area of the protection of the environment and health. This paper provides an overview of the jurisprudence on this topic. More specifically Articles XX b) and g) of the GATT, both relevant when assessing a WTO Member's right to protect the environment, are discussed. Article XX g) is discussed first, including the evolutionary dimension of its interpretation. In discussing Article XX b), the issues of “necessity”, alternatives measures or application of the chapeau of the article are highlighted and explained though the history of the case law, up to the present day. A comparison with Article 2 of the TBT Agreement is suggested, which allows for legitimate regulatory distinctions and contains principles similar to those found in the GATT. Moreover, Articles 2.2, 2.4 and 2.5 of the TBT Agreement allow Members to take restrictive measures related to the protection of the environment. The analysis of those provisions, their similarities and relationship provides a review of the WTO regime applicable to non-trade concerns, among which the protection of the environment holds a crucial place.
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The goal of this article is to better understand, from a critical perspective, Walter Benjamin's thoughts on recording by comparing two media for technological reproduction, the phonograph and cinema, examining in particular the later development of the phonograph which made rock music popular. In the past few years, several musicologists and theorists of popular music have used the cinematic medium to describe rock music. The author proposes to extend the analysis of these diverse analogies with cinema in order to better understand what pertains to capturing, to reproduction, to mass duplication and to editing/mixing. He will revisit the work of Walter Benjamin, in particular by examining what he said about the phonograph in his own day, comparing it to cinema for its technological reproducibility. For Benjamin, cinema goes much further by virtue of the role of the filmmaker, who reveals the “visual unconscious.” Does not rock music, which Benjamin could not foresee, create, precisely, an auditory unconscious?
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This paper proposes a reflection about the process of political representation, based on the cinematographic and scenic metaphor. The example given regards early-stage researchers’ representation. The paper looks for the conditions of success of a ‘representation enterprise’.