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8193.More information
Because of their low level of development, the African States are among the most vulnerable to climate change. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, by setting out the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, requires wealthy States to provide financial support for the adaptation measures implemented by developing countries. The authors argue in this paper that adaptation measures contemplated by the climate change regime can be interpreted as extending to measures to protect refugees and internally displaced persons. As a result, funding for adaptation provided under the climate change regime could be used to implement African agreements on persons displaced by climate change, in particular the 2009 Kampala Convention for the protection and assistance of internally displaced persons in Africa, since such funding reflects a differentiated sharing of the common responsibilities created by climate change.
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8195.
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8198.More information
The Pyrenean region of Ariège is one of the most important Magdalenian zones of cave art, Magdalenian IV in Breuil's classification. To the famous sites like Niaux, Portel, there was to be added Fontanet, discovered in 1972. In this cave, the entrance of which was naturally closed after the Magdalenian fréquentation, every thing has remained intact : soils with some hundreds of footprints and handprints and animal prints, hearths (dated), bones of consummated animals and lithic tools ; on another side impressions in the clay, engravings and paintings make of it a first-rate parietal unit. On the whole, this mountainous region gathers eleven parietal sites : Marsoulas, to the west and near the limit of the Ariège department. Trois-Frères, Tuc d'Audoubert, Mas d'Azil and Portel in the calcareous piedmont named Plantaurel belonging to the great chain near which Massat is located (massif of Arize). The cave of Cheval in Foix, Bédeilhac, Niaux, Eglises d'Ussat and Fontanet near Tarascon-sur-Ariège are localised on the south-north axis of the Ariège valley. This river forms the eastern boundary of the territory conquered by the Magdalenian men after the progressive liberation of the upper parts of the valleys, to the south, invaded by the glaciers (ancient Dryas). The western limit is that of the Garonne flowing down from the central Pyrénées ; the northern limit is given by the plain, a very different environment. The chrono-cultural unity of this Magdalenian territory seems to be correctly definable insofar as, except for the possible presence of Magdalenian III in the west (Marsoulas) and some occupations of the final Magdalenian in the east without direct relations with the parietal disposition, the totality of the archaeological data is to be related to Magdalenian IV. The natural space of each cave has been considered as the architectural base built by the Palaeolithic men after its own topo-morphology. Therefore the Magdalenian space is the result of the cultural elaboration founded on a parietal arrangement, original in each cave. In the parietal Magdalenian arrangements of Ariège, we find the three categories of themes, usually encountered in the Palaeolithic caves, the signs (i.e. abstract representations), human and animal figures (i.e. figurative representations), indeterminate outlines (i.e. representations without identification owing to the graphical data themselves). The choice of the themes on the one hand, their frequence on the other hand vary to a considerable extent between the sites ; but they also show some regional orientations. On this scale we establish that the presence of about fifty human themes (in 9 of the 11 caves) and the particularity of some of them, like the Sorcerers in the Trois-Frères cave, give to the parietal Magdalenian of Ariège a particular symbolic orientation. It is more trite to note that about 360 bisons and 180 horses make the main part of the 860 animal representations (in variable proportions in the sites). In the category of signs (about 1 500), three families have been distinguished from their morphological data. The family of the dots (273) : single dot, aligned dots, groups of dots. The family of the lines (strokes, single or parallel bars ; finally, the family of the complex signs (472) like the « barbelés » (barbed signs), the claviforms and also signs in one exemplar only. Conversely to what happens to the dot and line signs frequent enough and scattered in the galleries or inserted in panels, the elaborated and complex signs mark electively some arrangements and thus allow us to distinguish them clearly. In this way, the thematic choices prove a first level of originalization of each parietal site. A second level is reached if we consider not only the themes, but also their strict spatial connections, by superposition or juxtaposition. Thematic relations are the bases of parietal constructions, insofar as they bring into symbolical contacts diversified themes through original formulations always different between the sites. Within one homogeneous unit, like Niaux's Salon noir or the Trois-Frères Sanctuary, the thematical relations set up symbolical sequences, sometimes giving to one (or several) distinct importances : central or peripheral localization, isolation or grouping, choices of the colours or of the techniques of engravings, dimensions, numbers of individuals. For instance, the Trois-Frères Sanctuary shows, from its entrance to its final passage reaching at the "Dieu cornu", a diminution of the number of bisons, an increase of the number of horses, almost disappearance of the Caprinae compensated by a great concentration of reindeers, a change in the abstract themes with a play of appearance and disappearance of some types. Analysed in their totality, the caves appear like a symbolic construction putting together diverse materials (themes) according to appropriate arrangements (thematical connections) extremely variable, even inside of parietal dispositions undoubtedly homogeneous (for their origins or their cultural roots). The comparative analysis of the symbolical constructions shows that the more elaborated and complex they are, the less we find common elements of closely comparable elements at the level of the symbolical connections. In a word, the analysis leads to identify and to define a diversification of symbolical constructions, proving the cultural affirmation of the ethnic sedentary groups, around their subterraneous sanctuary, in a regional atmosphere endowed with a good cultural cohesion during a time (1 to 2 millenaries) relatively short compared with the parietal palaeolithic creation.
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8200.