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8483.
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8484.
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8485.More information
Journal de Russie (April 22-June 19, 1917), by Albert Thomas, an unpublished document edited by I. Sinanoglou.Of the many Western socialist missions to Russia in spring 1917 that of Albert Thomas stands out as the most important. He combined extensive experience in the international socialist movement with a passionate zeal for the Allied cause. Endowed by his government with extraordinary powers to determine French policy in the new Russia, Thomas had also to convince the more sceptical Russian socialists that the cause of European socialism and democracy and the defence of revolutionary Russia's newly-won liberty could be promoted only by a vigorous military effort against the Central Powers. In his Russian diary, Thomas records his intimate contacts with the leaders of the Provisional Government and the Petrograd soviet. He attempted, without success, to convince his governement that the Allies would have to accept the revision of their war aims and participate in an international socialist conference in order to win revolutionary Russia to the cause of the Entente.
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8488.More information
The participation of victims in international criminal proceedings is a novelty of the International Criminal Court. It now extends to the Extraordinary Chambers in the courts of Cambodia and the Special Tribunal for Lebanon. In the ensuing article, the author argues that through this innovation, international criminal law is evolving towards a duplication of the object of the trial. While its primary function remains punitive, the trial now includes a significant restorative dimension. It portends a horizontal effect of the criminal proceedings resulting in a confrontation between the accused and victims. The author analyzes the scope of procedural rights that reflect this confrontation. In the first section, he explores issues relating to victims' access to international tribunals and underlines the reasons why they had not been given an active role in the proceedings of the International Criminal Tribunal for former Yugoslavia, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the Special Tribunal for Sierra Leone. In the second section, the author develops a reflection on the scope of rights of participation effectively granted to victims. Although they are structured and carried out differently in different courts, these rights are, concludes the author, the common trait that reflects a deep concern of the international community to make victims part of establishing the truth about the atrocities suffered in connection with armed conflicts.
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8489.More information
AbstractThis study poses the question: "How long will the average new employee likely stay with his employer? This question has considerable relevance to the study of labour market activity, and to the obverse question: "How likely will a person, once employed, be unemployed again?" This paper explores the relevance of the tenure question on a number of fronts, and then develops a simple model for estimating the expected tenure of workers joining specific industries in Canada. Although the findings are based on somewhat dated statistics and lack a vector related to age, sex and other personal characteristics, they nonetheless confirm within reasonable degrees of confidence that the average new employee will remain with his employer a remarkably short time—less than two years in most industries and only a few months in some others. They suggest that employers are wise to defer costly training, pension and other non-wage expenditures until their new employees have built up some attachment to the firm. By the same token they affirm the usefulness of public income support programs to tide those who are laid off or quit through the transition to their next job, and for public retraining and mobility facilities to make the investments in human skills and allocation that employers will not.
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8490.More information
This article relates to the discussion taking place about the possibility of identifying an implicit social clause in the text of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The recognition of such a clause would eventually allow World Trade Organisation (WTO) member states to use the exceptions in article XX of the GATT to adopt restrictive trade measures against countries liable for breaches of fundamental workers' rights, including the right of children to be protected against hazardous work. The analysis in this article will focus on the exception under article XX(a) concerning the protection of the public morals of the importing country. Specifically, this article will attempt to demonstrate prima facie that the exploitation of child labourers during the production of imported goods undermines the public morality of the importing country and, therefore, that measures related to those goods could be justified under article XX(a) of the GATT, subject to satisfying the necessity condition of this rule.