Documents found
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8941.More information
Barter has been commonly portrayed as a dangerous element in international relations. Barter is portrayed in much of the literature as a cyclical phenomenon which flourishes with economic depression and fades away with prosperity. It is also said by many critics that barter should be considered a destructive economic practice. Finally, great emphasis is placed on the geopolitical importance of barter. In particular, barter is associated with the aggressive economic statecraft practiced by Nazi Germany in the 1930s.This article attempts to look more closely at the assumptions of the critics of modem barter. The author concludes that there are fundamental differences between the 1930s and the 1980s. Barter in the 1980s appears not to point towards a destructive past but a dynamic and complex future.
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8942.More information
This paper is concerned with examining the role Canada has played in the development of the law of armed conflict. It makes the point that, while it is generally assumed that the Canadian courts followed the practice of those in the United Kingdom, this is too simple an approach. From the early years of the nineteenth century, the Vice-Admiralty Court in Halifax was making a contribution to the law of prize and maritime war law that might be compared with that of Lord Stowell in England. Moreover, even then, it was applying principles that have only recently been generally accepted — that armed conflict is as much a question of fact as of law, and that naval officers, at least, must be taken to know the law. It is hardly believable that as long ago as 1814, Dr. Croke was upholding the immunity from capture of "the arts and sciences... as the property of mankind at large, and as belonging to the common interests of the whole species. " In addition to these early decisions in maritime war law, the Canadian courts have stood almost alone in the English-speaking world in explaining the criminal liability of escaping prisoners of war, in terms which to some extent formed the basis of what appeared in the Geneva Convention of 1949. At the same time, a Canadian war crimes tribunal made an important contribution to the exposition of the nature of a commander's liability for the offences of his subordinates, while others added to the jurisprudence concerned with the nature of the defence of superior orders. In so far as an actual innovative contribution is concerned, it must not be forgotten that the enunciation by Daniel Webster in 1842 of the concept of self-defence as understood in international law resulted from the actions of loyalists during the 1837 Rebellion. More recently, Canada played a concrete role in the drafting of the 1977 Protocols additional to the 1949 Geneva Conventions for the development of humanitarian law in armed conflict. In fact, Protocol II relating to non-international conflict is almost entirely based on a Canadian draft expressing Canada*s concern to see principles of humanitarian law observed as widely as possible, regardless of the nature of the conflict. As a result of tracing Canada 's role one is led to the conclusion that itconstitutes a record of achievement that merits wider appreciation.
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8946.
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8947.More information
According to the United Nations, 68% of the global population will live in an urban environment by 2050. Consequently, local authorities are more and more called upon in matters related to human rights and international human rights standards. Such state of affairs coincides with a global movement towards the decentralisation of the responsibilities of central governments and of the attrition of consequent resources. The movement for human rights in the city emerged in such context and nowadays shows a strong level of institutionalisation. It raises the issue of the accountability of local authorities at the international level in matters related to human rights in the city. Despite the uncontested principle of the central and exclusive responsibility of states in international law in general, is it possible to attribute a certain level of accountability to local authorities in regard of international human rights law? In 2015, the UN Human Rights Council adopted a Report where it suggests principles in order to address this issue. The Council suggests that local authorities at least share with central governments a duty to coordinate efforts, policies and strategies aimed at promoting and protecting human rights. To this end, the Council strongly recommends constitutional arrangements. This article proposes an empirical assessment of the reception by UN human rights bodies of such proposal. In order to do so, it examined the assessment by those bodies of national human rights implementation processes: general and final observations following states' reports are considered in the case of treaty monitoring and Universal Periodic Review (UPR) is looked upon in the case of the Human Rights Council. In addition, the input of some NGOs is also analysed. In total, over 1 000 documents were identified with the help of keywords for the period 2009-2018. The data analysis brings us to conclude that the political and institutional movement for human rights in the city and the evaluative work done by the UN human rights bodies behave largely like ships passing through the night. The 2015 Human Rights Council is largely ignored by the latest. At best, they will invite states to consider a more effective multilevel coordinating effort at the domestic level, hereby timidly echoing the Report. This conclusion, although it falls in line with the theory of international public law, bare some nuances in the case of certain rights such as economic and social rights where the work of both the Committee on economic, social and cultural rights and the Committee on the rights of children offer interesting openings. For its part, the Human Rights Council is content with a recall of the conclusions of its 2015 Report. Coordination is the key concept when comes the time to examine the consequences for human rights implementation of urbanisation. Lastly, NGOs, much to our surprise, does not play a spear-heading role in front of UN human rights bodies when comes the time to conceptualise the distribution of responsibilities between different level of national authorities in a time of intense urbanisation. In conclusion, our analysis shows a thick sealing between the political and normative work of UN human rights bodies. It seems convenient, against all realities, to perpetuate in an almost simplistic way the subordinated role of local authorities in regard of the theory of international public law. Such conclusion may reassure international law experts. But in a world where some meta cities work with other meta cities more than with the states on which they depend, it may not be the end of the story.
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8949.More information
The objective of this research is to study children’s levels of engagement in their interactions with the teacher and peers in different classroom contexts (activities and groupings) in five-year-old’s preschool education. Using the Individual Classroom Assessment Scoring System (inCLASS), 113 children (66 girls and 47 boys) were observed. The results show that the children’s level of engagement in their interactions with the teacher is higher during routine and transition activities and shows no significant differences depending on the type of grouping. Children’s level of engagement in interactions with peers is higher in free play activities, workshops and grouping small groups. Classroom contexts modulate the children’s levels of engagement in interacting with others.
Keywords: engagement, contextes, activités, regroupement, éducation préscolaire
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8950.More information
As we are celebrating the 80th anniversary of the journal Insurance and Risk Management, the author traces the evolution of the journal founded by Gérard Parizeau in 1932. It is divided by five distinct periods, under different journal’s directions : the beginning (1932-1950); the rapidly developing period (1950-1975); the years under the ownership of Sodarcan group (1975-1995); the HEC Montréal period after 1996, and finally, a new stage beginning in 2011.For each period, the author underlines the evolution of Quebec as a whole regarding its social, economic and financial development, as well as the major changes in the insurance industry.