Documents found
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20991.More information
Over the past decades, artisanal mining has become increasingly important in several West African countries. Various recent studies have shown that it represents a crucial livelihood strategy for many rural households. At the same time, the development of artisanal mining, which is mostly informal, has raised concerns about its social and environmental sustainability.Based on a detailed study of a small-scale mining site in Burkina Faso, we show that, contrary to what is often assumed, artisanal mines are not places of lawlessness. The mining site's organization depends on proximity-based governance structures even if the rules themselves are informal. However, these governing structures remain fragile and have various shortcomings, which limit the contributions that artisanal mining can make to territorial development. Operations are mostly focused on short-term profitability at the expense of social and environmental sustainability, resulting in dangerous and precarious working conditions. Consequently, these local forms of governance, which are shaped by both markets and traditional power structures, suffer from a lack of meaningful public policies that could accompany, as well as respect, the local regulatory mechanisms in place.
Keywords: orpaillage artisanal, gouvernance de proximité, institutions informelles, artisanal mining, proximity-based governance, informal institutions
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20992.More information
Abstract In the iconography of nineteenth-century female education, the centralfigure is a woman at the piano. This figure embodies a form ofeducation, the female "accomplishments" — music, art, modern languages, literature, and the natural sciences — which was widespread in Britain by the end of the eighteenth century and which spread rapidly throughout the English-speaking world. Yet this form of education has been overlooked or dismissed by both mainstream and feminist historiography. This paper considers the rise of the accomplishments curriculum as a precursor to the emergence, late in the nineteenth century, of the “worthwhile education” of women. This earlier development, in the author's view, requires a reconsideration of that sacred cow of feminist theory, the man/culture, women/nature dichotomy. A study of the female accomplishments also illustrates the earlier rise of the enduring and oppressive myth that there is a natural affinity between the humanities and the female mind — with its equally enduring implication that there is a natural affinity between science and the male mind. Historians of the Edwardian period have noted that the rational, scientific frame of mind, which underpinned the capitalist exploitation of the natural world, was considered to be a "natural" male predilection. Feminist historians have rightly exposed the use of this pseudo-science as a justification of the contemporary intellectual subjugation of women. They have, however, failed to note that intellectual attitudes which were evident more than a century earlier, and which underpinned the emergence of the female accomplishments, ensured that women would be excluded from the great intellectual adventure of the twentieth century.
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20994.More information
Face masks are well known cultural items within indigenous cultures in Canada and have been collected and displayed as museum items and research material. Such face masks are generally perceived among scholars as a technique for transforming identity either through modification of the representation or as a temporary extinction of identity. For several years Aboriginal Peoples Television Network (APTN) used such masks in an advertisement contest to address stereotypes of aboriginal people in Canada and to educate the Canadian television industry about its viewers. The « Unmask Our Viewers/Our Viewers Unmasked » contest was specifically targeted and designed to inform and educate the media community, or more specifically advertising agents, about APTN's audiences. This paper aims to show how the contest served a function that anthropologist Arjun Appadurai termed « deep democracy ». The practices of deep democracy endeavor to introduce or revive democratic principles in a way that « suggests roots, anchors, intimacy, proximity, and locality ». Such practices and their organization, like APTN, are considered an extension of aboriginal peoples' cultures.
Keywords: Hafsteinsson, médias autochtones, démocratie en profondeur, public, diversité, télévision, Hafsteinsson, Indigenous Media, Deep Democracy, Audience, Diversity, Television, Hafsteinsson, medios de comunicación autóctonos, democracia en profundidad, público, diversidad, televisión
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20995.More information
Keywords: Canada, politique, Autochtones, lieux de culte, réserves, christianisme, XIXe siècle, XXe siècle
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20996.More information
This article explores the remediation between cinema and video games through the lens of film editing or montage terminological framework. The argument is based on a discourse analysis of epistemic productions from two French-speaking communities specialized in video games: gaming scholars and game journalists from three essential French magazines, Tilt (1982-84), Génération 4 (1987-2004) and Joystick (1988-2012). The analysis of this body of texts dealing with the links between film and video game or with games well known for their cinematic qualities highlights (dis)connections regarding how editing codes are discussed from the standpoint of the communities under study. This portrait identifies several semantic discrepancies around the use of “key” editing concepts (cut, shot, transition, continuity shot, camera angles, slow motion, cut-scenes, etc.). In light of such gaps in meaning, a cinemacentric reading of the forms of video game assemblage is called into question on the basis of its interpretive bias, which gives precedence to the audiovisual aspect at the expense of gameplay.
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20999.More information
Seine-Saint-Denis, industrial and labour department, is historically an earth of reception characterized today by its social variety and its cultural wealth. The culture, which was in suburb the privilege of an elite, knew these last decades a process of alteration and integrates henceforth the variety that offers the urban cultures. The movement of democratization of the culture came along with innovative cultural projects stemming from the popular dynamics. These cultures, which notably appear from a creative youth, incited the urban town councillors to get closer more to the population and to rethink their political approach by conceiving the cultural as an inescapable identical marker pen of the local territory.Artistic manifestations, international events and cultural and sports prestigious equipments integrate multiple networks and are the object of partnership strategies. The stake which constitutes the negative image of Seine-Saint-Denis directs the cultural policies which territorialisent. The speech and the marketing actions which participate in the "stage setting" of a symbolic dimension obey the representations of the territory and the mental perceptions of the urban actors.The deficit of social cohesion from which the department suffers confers besides on the cultural politics a role in the repair of the "social fracture" which characterizes the heterogeneousness of the séquano-dionysien territory.
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21000.More information
Keywords: médiation culturelle, éducation à l'image, cinéma, Québec, témoignage