Documents found
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1821.More information
SummaryThere exists a culture of sociology, created in the period 1945-1970, and based on three simple axioms, derived respectively from Durkheim, Marx, and Weber. This culture has been subject in the last 25 years to six major challenges coming from within and without the cultural community: doubts about the concept of formal rationality; a civilizational challenge; the concept of multiple social times; the sciences of complexity and the end of certainties; gender as a structuring variable even in the sciences; and the view that modernity has never existed. Can sociology deal adequately with these challenges?
Keywords: culture de la sociologie, faits sociaux, conflit social, légitimation, rationalité, civilisation, temporalités sociales, sciences de la complexité, sexe, modernité, culture of sociology, social facts, social conflict, legitimation, rationality, civilization, social times, sciences of complexity, gender, modernity, cultura sociológica, hechos sociales, conflicto social, legitimidad, racionalidad, civilización, temporalidades sociales, ciencias de la complejidad, género, modernidad
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1822.More information
This article discusses critical practice manifested by secondary school pupils observed within an interdisciplinary island of rationality dealing with assisted suicide. To achieve this, the author proposes a definition of critical thought centred on the idea of practice, as well as an emerging analytical grid based on constituent intervention types of critical practice. The results show that when faced with an ethical problem, pupils call upon several of these interventions. However, it was learned that pupils' critical practice tends to modify itself depending on whether their reflections deal with points raised by their peers or with knowledge considered scholarly, scientific or objective.
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1823.More information
The transfer to industry of scientific discoveries made in universities has always existed probably. This transfer was slow at the time when universities evolved in the long time, with teaching and research being done by a few scholars, un-programmed, without any clear separation between the various sciences. In the 19th century, notably with Humboldt's reform in Germany, links between uni-versities and industry became more tenuous with the development of disciplinary programs, under the direction of a specialized teaching and research staff, and evolving in the short time. In the last decades however, increasing competition with private teaching and research institutes, and the need for complex networking have lead universities to broaden its relationships with society, be it in the economic and administrative sciences, in the arts, notably through action-research. This type of research has been done for the last ten years within the context of the Bombardier network composed of a large pivot-firm and with more than thirty of its subcontrac-tors. The actionability of this research has been demonstrated by increases in the large firm's competitiveness and by SMEs evolving from capacity to specialty and even intelligence subcontracting, but also by allowing researchers to greatly refine many concepts in industrial organization. This was not obtained easily however, requiring important changes on the part of the participating firms and university research teams to arrive at an elongated time that facilitates the actionability of research and attributes a new role to universities in the knowledge economy.
Keywords: Actionnabilité, Entreprise-réseau, Confiance, Concurrence-coopération, Dépendance mutuelle, Comportement de légitimité et de pouvoir, Nouveau rôle de l'université
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1824.More information
Ecological stewardship paradigms are growing in environmental sciences as much as in the realm management of protected areas. The concept of stewardship, still recent in France, finds no correspondence in sociological theories of action. This situation raises many difficulties for interdisciplinary research. This paper examines different theories of stewardship from the perspective of the theories of action that they presuppose. In doing so, we aim to contribute to moving toward a sociological conception of stewardship. Three case studies are used for this.
Keywords: Intendance écologique, actions individuelles, action collective, gestion publique-privée, Camargue, Alpilles, Étang de Berre, Ecological Stewardship, Individual Actions, Collective Actions, Public-Private Management, Camargue, Alpilles, Étang de Berre
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1825.More information
Since the late 1990s, the soaring issues related to sustainability coupled with the ongoing process of metropolization have generated a progressive renewal of territorial planning methods. These new methods result primarily from the reconsideration of the conventional center/periphery divide and from the subsequent transformation of the relationship between the city and its territory, and between built-up and open spaces. In that context, participatory and landscape approaches rapidly gained legitimacy in the planning process, which has led to a significant change in the dynamics within and between project places. Recent works underline the importance of taking transactional places into account. Those places represent intermediary spaces of cooperation, enabling new synergies between the territory and politico-administrative stakeholders, experts and the inhabitants. In this article, we propose to enrich this concept of “transactional places” through two major themes: urban quality of life and urban agriculture. We illustrate the latter by means of two case studies in the agglomeration of Lausanne: the Boveresses neighbourhood contract and the participative design of the Agroecological Farm of Rovéréaz. To which extent the participatory and landscape approaches adopted in those places alter, even shift, the conventional dynamics of project places? How does the peculiar dynamics of those places resonate with the different territorial levels within the agglomeration?
Keywords: planification, territoire, lieu transactionnel, approche paysagère, participation, espaces ouverts, agriculture urbaine, planning, territory, transactional place, landscape approach, participation, open space, urban agriculture
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1826.More information
Pesticide risk is a growing concern that raises environmental, health and economic issues. The regulations and prevention measures that aim to reduce this risk are based on a top-down prevention logic by imposing good practices to be followed by farmers. The analysis of the activity of users of phytopharmaceutical products reveals situations of pesticide risk despite a strong regulatory, technical and social framework of the treatment activity. In this article, we show how pesticide exposure can be documented in the real conditions of use of plant protection products through the development of an extended research community using ergotoxicological tools. The reflections built by wine growers and ergonomists, around activity videos and pesticide measurements, highlight various levels of determinants of pesticide risk situations. Understanding and seeking to act collectively on these determinants supports the agency of the winegrowing professionals and contributes to the development of a constructed prevention.
Keywords: communauté élargie de recherche, prévention du risque, exposition, pesticides, ergotoxicologie, analyse de l'activité, viticulture, promotion de la santé, agentivité, extended research community, risk prevention, exposure, pesticides, ergotoxicology, activity analysis, viticulture, health promotion, agency
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1828.More information
The author finds, in the intellectual and institutional approach that led to the creation of the IUFMs (teacher colleges) in France in 1989, the implementation of a historical paradigm, that of the curriculum. This paradigm came to collide head on with another historical paradigm, that of the disciplines, which has reigned over high school and university training since the earliest days of the Republic. The author undertakes a full survey of these paradigms to take full account of their meaning and the issues involved in their conflict. Their existence and their opposition are seen to result from a tension inherent in humans, both as individuals and as social creatures. This conflict first came clearly to light in the Western world with the beginnings of Greek philosophy. The rationale for curriculum took then precedence over the rationale for the disciplines through the efforts of the Christian church, which was created and established as the religion of the Latin world, in which curriculum dominated. The two paradigms as they exist now come from this Christian archetype. The paradigm for curriculum comes by way of secularism, which held sway in the Anglo-Germanic world. The paradigm for the disciplines comes by way of laicization, which helds way in the Catholic world, or more precisely, France. These two visions of how individuals relate to society are doing battle in an area that will prove decisive for the future, the schools.
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1829.
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1830.More information
Over the past ten years, Memory Studies has become a multidisciplinary field based primarily in the English-speaking world and in many European countries. This article aims to show how intermediality acts as a “field operator” allowing us to better trace the linkages currently constituting the area of Memory Studies. In its first part, the article explains how the use of the intermedial method enables us to distinguish Memory Studies from the studies of memory practiced in France. While Memory Studies uses intermedial theory to develop a decentralized approach to memory, focusing on dynamics of transfer and displacement, French studies of memory seem to privilege a media perspective related to a more static, patrimonial, and territorial approach. In its second part, the article considers different conceptions of intermediality currently at play in the field of Memory Studies. Despite numerous references to the work of Bolter and Grusin, Memory Studies seem to suffer from a lack of theorization about intermediality. Media thus occupy a paradoxical place within the field, since they are at the centre of the memory chessboard, but at the same time, they are relatively little analyzed as such.