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1851.
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1852.More information
AbstractABSTRACTCognitive AnthropologvThis is an appropriate moment to review thé state of thé art in cognitive anthropologv. construed broadly as thé comparative study of human cognition in ils linguistic and cultu-ral context. In reaction to thé dorninance of universalism in thé 1970s and '80s. there hâve recently been a number of reappraisals of thé relation between language and cognition. and thé field of cognitive anthropology is flourishing in several new directions in both America and Europe. This is partly due to a renewal and re-evaluation of approaches to thé question of linguistic relativity associated with Whorf. and partly to thé inspiration of modem developments in cognitive science. This review briefly sketches thé history of cognitive anthropology and surveys current research on both sides of thé Atlantic. The focus is on assessing current directions, considering in particular. by way of illustration, récent work in cultural models and on spatial language and cognition. The review concludes with an assessment of how cognitive anthropology could contribute directly both to thé broader project of cognitive science and to thé anthropological study of how cultural ideas and practices relate to structures and processes of human cognition.Key words : Brown. language. cognition. culture, linguistic relativity. space. cultural models
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1853.More information
AbstractThe disability policy domain has undergone important transformations over the last four decades in most post-industrial societies. This is a phenomenon that can be observed within both the theoretical and disability research approaches of the social sciences. This process has lead to the emergence of a new emancipatory paradigm based on the questioning of the relationships that exist between the researcher and the research subject. In this article, we explore the development of this paradigm, using the British experience. We discuss this experiment's contribution to the better understanding of disability and social policies while taking into account the roles and positions of the actors involved in the research process.
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1854.More information
Abstract What are the trends in recent urban history in Canada and Quebec published in scientific journals since 1990? Based on a review of the literature on Quebec cities and towns, this paper identifies the themes, approaches, and methodologies that have been the object of sustained interest. In what ways the questions raised are different from those brought up by scholars fifteen years ago? Have the urban historians been influenced by new issues of the city-building process developed by scholars in the field of urban studies? This paper presents the new themes explored by recent urban history research: the issue of local power, the space occupied by social groups according to their identity (social, ethnic, gender), the city as a locus for cultural expression, the new urban and suburban forms.
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1855.More information
The Charter is presented as a tool, an ongoing process. Its aim is to obtain a European contribution to an exchange about citizenship and urban planning, about women's place and the gender approach in these fields. It emphasizes the importance of women in decision making in the 21s t century and relies on two paradigms : parity democracy and a gender approach. Five topics are developped in the Charter : urban planification and sustainable development, safety, mobility, housing and urban equipments. The Charter also proposes a strategy. Sixty six cases studies illustrate practical realizations. The priority is to promote a gender approach, to break stereotypes, to develop new knowledge and new operational concepts in order to lead society towards treating more equally men and women in the city. Therefore, research on how to achieve such equality is needed and must involve women researchers in its fundamental and applied aspects. Also, media and networking must be used at the same time to create new synergies between women. The gender approach has become a new scientific concern which has to be followed as a red thread in every research.
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1856.More information
This essay deals with the program structure and change as well as with the composition of the teaching and administration staffs, in three schools of the University of Montreal (medical technology, rehabilitation and dietetics) for the year 1940 to 1970. These schools have a predominant female enrolment. The authors' analysis is based on the assumed value differenciation between the « care » and the « cure ». The attempt, through this analysis, the verification of a two-fold hypothesis :1°) A hierarchy of « care » and « cure » activities exists reflecting the extent to which these activities refer to theoretical learning as opposed to practical know-how. The former being more valued that the latter, especially when they relate to the medical profession.2°) To the extent that the (institutionalized)) theoretical medical knowledge has been mainly accessible to male physicians, the hierarchy of knowledge has resulted in relation of power detrimental to women.
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1858.More information
Whatever we call industrial relations a field of study or a discipline, many authors since Dunlop's Industrial Relations Systems (1958), have tried to develop models and theories in order to integrate the different aspects of this phenomenon. Although they are not unanimous in defining and describing what should characterize it, the literature shows different and interesting approaches that may be usefully consulted understanding industrial relations. Facing that «theoretical reality», many scholars such as Dabscheck, Gospel, Kirkbride, Blain and Gennard, Walker, Schienstock, Adams, Hameed and Young to mention some of these, have tried to develop an adequate framework which could be used to classify models and theories in industrial relations.With two different continuums frequently used in the social sciences, the authors of this article try to identify the main paradigms applied to industrial relations. The graphic No 2 of this article illustrates the different paradigms frequently used by social scientists. After having reviewed the different industrial relation theories and models, the authors, using the paradigms found in the social sciences literature, situate them on the two continuums shown in graphic No 3 of the article. That exercice brings the authors to the following conclusion: The functionalist approach is the one which regroups the majority of scholars interested in publishing about industrial relations theories.
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1860.More information
For a long time, research on children tended to focus on the family, the school and recreation; only psychology and the educational sciences considered them in terms of their own characteristics. This selective overview of sociohistorical research into the children of Quebec examines childliood through demographic, historical ethnological, legal and social studies as well as through social studies carried out in an intervention context. The multidisciplinarity of this field of child-oriented research, which stems from the diversification of areas of inquiry and expertise, needs to be complemented by research exploring to a greater extent the perspective of the child and by recourse to a better-contextualized approach to the child's daily life and social network.