Documents found
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581.More information
This article examines the different types of sexual violence inflicted on enslaved females who were captured during the War of Candia (1645–69). Women and girls constituted an exceptionally high percentage of the individuals enslaved in the course of this religiously justified war. Many of the captured Muslims were trafficked to Catholic Europe, where they were subjected to various forms of sexual exploitation. Yet this article suggests that the prolonged conflict also gave rise to Italian slavers’ sexual violence against enslaved females who were, in fact, not Muslims. It then illuminates the role that religious affiliation actually played in shaping local reactions to the rapes, as well as the responses of Church and state authorities to supplications asking to liberate the survivors of repeated sexual abuse. Finally, the article argues that taking sexual violence into consideration complicates our understanding of early modern Mediterranean enslavement, its motivations, and its implications.
Keywords: Rape, Viol, Grossesse forcée, Forced Pregnancy, Prostitution forcée, Forced Prostitution, Enslavement, Esclavage, Traite des êtres humains, Human Trafficking, Méditerranée, Early Modern Mediterranean, War of Candia, Début de l’ère moderne, Guerre de Candie, Cossack–Polish War, Muslim–Christian Relations, Guerre polono-cosaque, Jewish–Christian Relations, Relations islamo-chrétiennes, Relations judéo-chrétiennes
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582.More information
Like all resonantly elegiac texts, Nathalie Stephens’s 2006 book Touch to Affliction does more than just locate or inscribe grief; it also challenges the historicized position of affect by dislocating the identity of the mourner, the City of Death through which the mourner roams, and the shifting identity of the mourner’s “lost beloved.” Stephens’s mourner politicizes the act of walking through the city: first, as a “dissonant body” that refuses gender norms, and second, as a stubborn physical presence of public mourning: that which is wrought by the nation, and that to which the nation can never fully respond. Alluding to philosophy about mid-twentieth-century violence, the narrator asks two resonant questions: “Where is the poet who will return language to the body?” and, more problematically, “Where is the body that is prepared to receive language?”
Keywords: Walter Benjamin, poetry, philosophy of violence, grief and mourning
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583.More information
This article explores the English translations of contemporary Ukrainian war poetry featured in the two anthologies Lysty z Ukrainy (Letters from Ukraine, 2016) and Words for War: New Poems from Ukraine (2017), through the prism of Jacques Derrida’s concept of “relevant.” It argues that although the economy of the original poems could not always be sustained, these translations nonetheless remain relevant primarily thanks to what they do rather than what they say. After contextualizing the recent (re)emergence of war poems as a genre of Ukrainian literature and providing an overview of the two translation anthologies, the article compares the Ukrainian originals with their English translations and discusses the various translation challenges. It then returns to Derrida’s own case study to extend the modifier “relevant” beyond its “economic” parameters to apply it more broadly to translation’s socio-political significance. It concludes with a discussion of how the two anthologies in question reflect the state of the reception of contemporary Ukrainian literature in the English-speaking world and how the translations they feature inform our understanding of the (un)translatability of poetry.
Keywords: poetry, translation, Russia’s war on Ukraine, untranslatability, Ukrainian literature
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584.More information
AbstractRight-wing extremism in the United States is examined in relation to the continual upheavals that have shaken the American social structure. Historical analysis of these movements reveals a striking parallelism between the convulsions American political life is undergoing presently, and periods of the past that were similarly marked by waves of religious and racial fanaticism. The author establishes the regularity with which extremist movements arise, and emphasizes the recurrent themes of prejudice and supposed conspiracies that are present in the explanations given by such movements for the social changes America has undergone and continues to undergo. He sheds light also on the conditions that lead to the emergence of right-wing movements, and attempts to explain the fact that most of them declined rapidly, whereas the factors that gave rise to them appear as constants of the American political scene.
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585.More information
This paper describes how ethnic Chinese, Italian, Indian/Sikh, Jew and Vietnamese entrepreneurs from Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver found their business opportunity. The data shows that a small portion of immigrants came to Canada for entre-preneurial reasons and that their main motivation for starting a business is related to their need for independence and for economic reasons. Many have discovered their opportunity with the help of their experience and contacts but also by chance and through their observations. Implications for future research and for policies to support ethnic entrepreneurship are suggested in the conclusion.
Keywords: Création d'entreprises, Identification d'occasions d'affaires, Créneau, Entrepreneuriat ethnique
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586.More information
This article examines Anna Lesznai’s radical imagining of sex and its use for transcendental purposes that heavily rely on Jewish mystical ideas intertwined with Otto Weininger's theory of gender binarism. In her gender theory—part of feminist discourse at the turn of the twentieth century—Lesznai describes female love, using religious language and ideas from Jewish mysticism, especially those resembling Hassidic concepts, and ultimately compares sexual union to yihud- unio mystica with God. Working within the patriarchal understanding of the biological definition of gender and of the concept of "female difference," Lesznai’s feminism rooted in the belief that certain personality traits and skills are inherently gendered, but she reverses the hierarchy by placing women in the position of power, thus turning Jewish mysticism and Weininger’s gender philosophy on its head.
Keywords: Jewish Mysticism, Otto Weininger, Martin Buber, Hungarian Jews, gender theory, love, dialogue, Hassidism
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587.More information
A Letter Concerning Toleration (1689) comprises John Locke’s mature thoughts on religious toleration. In it, Locke offers three political arguments against state religious coercion. He argues that it is impossible, impermissible, and inadvisable for the civil magistrate to enforce ‘true religion,’ which Locke defines as the ‘inward and full persuasion of the mind’ (Works, 6:10). Notwithstanding the various internecine conflicts within Christianity, conflicts which motivated Locke’s concern with toleration, all of the many-splendored sects of Christianity nonetheless share the notion that orthodoxy (correct belief) is required for salvation. Since the early days of Christianity, orthodoxy has represented the lowest-common-denominator obligation of adherents to Christianity. Locke’s political arguments in the Letter, at least in their first instance, assume an orthodox definition of “true religion.” This is likewise true of those who have either defended or criticized Locke’s arguments in the secondary literature. In contrast to Locke and his commentators, we will argue that the dominant characterization of “true religion” globally and throughout history does not concern correct religious belief as much as it concerns correct religious practice, or orthopraxy. Even though it has not received as much attention in the literature, Locke does discuss orthopraxy–what he calls ‘outward worship’–at length in the second half of the Letter (Works, 6:29-39). We will demonstrate how versions of all three political arguments for toleration can be redeployed to constrain the power of the magistrate within an orthoprax conception of true religion.
Keywords: John Locke, Toleration, Christianity, World Religions
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588.More information
Keywords: Interfaith dialogue, Christian-Jewish-Muslim dialogue, theological education, Vatican II
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589.More information
In January 1944, when the influential Toronto critic William Arthur Deacon lamented the absence of a Canadian “equivalent of ‘Uncle Tom’s Cabin’” because Canadians are “still pioneering, still afraid of ourselves intellectually and emotionally,”[1] little did he know that a significant candidate was on the horizon. Gwethalyn Graham’s second novel, Earth and High Heaven, which appeared later that year, launched an analysis of anti-Semitism that was quickly embraced by cultural arbiters and the general public in both Canada and the United States. This essay situates the production and reception history of Graham’s book in relation to other novels by English-Canadian women writers that advocated for social change, and offers cases studies of the three most widely disseminated works that used the power of fiction to marshal empathy: Marshall Saunders’s Beautiful Joe (1894), Graham’s Earth and High Heaven (1944) and Joy Kogawa’s Obasan (1981).
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590.More information
This article analyzes the history, production, circulation, and political uses of the alt-right’s discourse about cultural Marxism in the context of the right-wing populist Trump presidency, the rise of fascist movements in the United States and worldwide, and the politics of intersectional hate.
Keywords: alt-right, conspiracy theory, cultural Marxism, hegemony, ideology, populism, right-wing extremism, Trump effect, white supremacy