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The erratic boulders that largely cover the extensive clayey tidal flat adjacent to the Parc National du Bic at Saint-Fabien-sur-Mer represent a range of lithologies, shapes and sizes. During surveys conducted across the tidal flat in 2010 and 2011, 2442 mega-boulders weighing between 1 and 440 metric tons, were identified and measured. Of these, 54.7% were igneous and metamorphic Precambrian erratics from the Canadian Shield and 45.3% were Appalachian Cambro-ordovician sedimentary erratics. The Precambrian erratics present at the site are smaller than those of Appalachian origin. Precambrian and Appalachian blocks weighing between 1 and 3 tons account for 45.1% and 27.2% of the total, respectively; those weighing between 3 and 10 tons, for 8.6% and 11.8%, respectively; and those weighing over 10 tons, for 1% and 6.3%, respectively. The 2 largest Precambrian boulders weigh 63 and 69 tons, whereas the 2 largest Appalachian boulders weigh 206 and 440 tons. Most of the mega-boulders are lying on the surface of the tidal flat; the remaining are partially embedded in the Goldthwait Sea clay deposit, which at this site is dated as being over 10 000 years old. Based on their characteristics, the Precambrian and Appalachian mega-boulders were initially moved by the Wisconsinian glaciers toward the St. Lawrence valley, before being transported and released into the postglacial sea by icebergs calved from the glacier edges along the north and the south shores of the St. Lawrence estuary. The amount of mega-boulders situated along the south shore of the maritime estuary, suggests that significant concentrations of icebergs occurred in the Goldthwait Sea during the deglaciation of the St. Lawrence valley between 13 500 and 9 500 years ago. Consequently, the sedimentary role of icebergs in releasing coarse debris deserves to be clearly highlighted.

Keywords: erratiques, estuaire, glaciel, icebergs, Mer de Goldthwait, Erratics, estuary, icebergs, ice rafting, Goldthwait Sea

Marine biodiversity is affected by human activities. The United Nations have declared 2010 International Year of Biodiversity to alert the public on the status and consequences of declining biodiversity in the world. In Europe, as everywhere in the world, human population densities are increasing along the coastal areas. This result in a continuous and rapid acceleration of the use of coastal areas and increased pressure on ecosystems and species they contain. The pollution of the sea, of which 80 % comes from human activities from the land, navigation, introduction of invasive species, overfishing, degradation, fragmentation and habitat loss are the factors responsible for the erosion of marine biodiversity. Exacerbated by climate change, human impacts threaten to destroy the delicate balance of marine ecosystems and the biodiversity they contain. The English Channel and the North Sea are a biogeographical crossroads with a great diversity of habitats and high biodiversity. From a fisheries perspective, it is one of the most productive in the world with 5 % of the total catch in the world. Despite this richness, it is a maritime area where conflicts of interests are exacerbated and where human pressures are high mainly because of an industrial coastal developement. Through various examples of recent literature, we will examine the main causes affecting marine biodiversity taking as many possible examples for the English Channel and the North Sea. We will discuss the serious danger of the loss of biodiversity for the ecological balance of the marine environment and the well-being of humanity as well as the necessity to take account of biodiversity in the conduct of human activities, be they economic or other.

Keywords: biodiversité, écosystème marin, activités humaines, climat, pêche, biodiversity, marine ecosystem, humane activities, climate, fishing

Looking back to the Roman era, one can see that the regulation of fisheries already formed a coherent whole which is still interesting to analyse today. The oceans, seas and their shores are res communes, meaning that no one can own these things, or that everyone can make use of these things freely as long as this does not interfere with someone else's right. By contrast, rivers and their banks as well as harbours are classified res publicae, i.e. State property, but assigned to common use. Some fishing places were the exclusive property of the Roman State (res in patrimonio populi) and liable to be leased. Fishing was a legally well defined activity, under strict control by the State: later generations have drawn inspiration from Roman rules in this field.

Keywords: Patrimoine, héritage culturel, patrimoine bâti, architecture, Québec, cinéma, films, lieux de tournage, accessoires de tournage, antiquités, Cinémathèque québécoise, projet Éléphant, cinéma Outremont, cinéma Impérial, cinéma Rialto, cinéma Rivoli, cinéma Château, cinéma Empress, Ouimetoscope, Loew’s, Office national du film du Canada, patrimoine autochtone, Wapikoni mobile, Terres en vues, archéologie, Archéo-Québec, Saint-Armand, Three Pines, Abbaye d’Oka, Musée du comté de Missisquoi, magasin général Hodge, Film Laurentides, Bureau du cinéma et de la télévision de Montréal, Les pays d’en haut, La Bolduc, Barskins, Hochelaga, terre des âmes, MRC de Thérèse-De Blainville, plan Bouchard, domaine Garth, Assassin’s Creed, Discovery Tour, Reines d’Égypte, Pointe-à-Callière, Ubisoft, Cap-d’Espoir, La Léonne, vaisseau fantôme, Melvin Charney, jardin de sculptures, Centre canadien d’architecture, EVOQ architecture, Action patrimoine, Nouvelle-Orléans, Fondation du patrimoine, Glasgow

International conventions governing maritime rescue stipulate that territorial and jurisdictional boundaries at sea must not interfere with rescue operations, with the safeguarding of life at sea defined as the priority. However, since 2015 and in the specific context of migration by sea, compliance with SAR conventions by signatory states has often taken a back seat, being supplanted by issues of national sovereignty focused on the dual control of borders and migratory flows. This interference in the fundamental principles of rescue at sea by borders is also part of a wider process of border externalization and maritime rescue militarization. This article describes the transformations of this complex arrangement, using the examples of the Alboran Sea, the Strait of Gibraltar, and the Canary route, for which we have geolocated data of all sea rescue operations carried out by SASEMAR (the public company responsible for rescue operations in the Spanish area of responsibility) for the 2015-2021 period. On this empirical basis, we reveal the gradual emergence of the border in sea rescue operations carried out in these two maritime zones, as well as the growing role of Morocco from 2018 onwards.