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AbstractWithin the growing literature on Canadian industrial policy, relatively little attention has been paid to the shipbuilding sector. This paper identifies and explores the distinct phases of government intervention in shipbuilding from 1945 to 1965. With the formation of the Canadian Maritime Commission, intervention took many forms, which reflected contradictory, conflicting, and competing interests. Over this period, intervention ranged from aiding reconversion to sustaining marginal yards for national security reasons. Defence considerations would play the largest role throughout this era. In examining the varied interests reflected in the deliberations of the Maritime Commission and the Departments of Defence Production, Finance, and Industry, this study demonstrates thai defence policy cannot be ignored when assessing industrial policy for this era. At least for shipbuilding, government policy appears to have hampered domestic and international competitiveness.

AbstractIn 1857 the Province of Canada passed the Civil Service Act which made a first attempt to define uniform personnel policies for the emerging bureaucracy. Analysis of applications, examination results and appointments to the inside service between September 1857, when applicants first sat for examination, and the end of 1861, when the government undertook an internal survey of public employees, demonstrates that the reform potential of the Act was only partially realized. The introduction of the examination system strongly favoured applicants who resided in the provincial capital. Applicants were most frequently urban middle-class men born either in the United Kingdom or in Canada East. Many were young, although a significant number were over 30 years of age and had extensive labour market experience. Analysis of the employment histories of applicants shows that middle-class careers commonly involved frequent job changes in which workers moved from one employer to another and often back and forth between salaried employment and independence. The Civil Service examination proved elementary, yet it tested basic skills appropriate for the work of most public employees. Although examination results were sufficiently discrete to be used as a competitive examination, decision-makers treated the exercise as a qualifying examination and paid little attention to examination results. Very few successful candidates found employment in the Civil Service; those few were employed at all ranks within the service. Analysis of public employees in 1861 also demonstrates that, although experience was an important factor, seniority did not govern hiring, promotion or salary decisions. The evidence also suggests that patronage played at best a limited role in hiring decisions within the inside service while nepotism continued to exist. In the end The Civil Service Act proved a modest attempt to reform the bureaucracy by creating uniformity in ranks, procedures for appointment and promotion, and, most importantly, salary structures. Its successes proved even more modest.

The postglacial history of the present-day black spruce and balsam fir-dominated bioclimatic domains of boreal Québec and southern Labrador (Canada) was reconstructed using 61 pollen diagrams from lake sediments. The period, deglaciation geography and climate determined whether or not there was an initial tundra vegetation. The establishment of trees and the subsequent development of forest cover were largely a function of climatic changes and the varied occurrence of fire over time. Afforestation was diverse, with numerous vegetational landscapes lacking modern analogues. Their duration was varied, with certain species showing extreme cases of cornering and effusion, both in space and time. The establishment of forests similar to those found today was gradual. As the climate warmed, there was an increase in the abundance of relatively thermophilous species. This progression culminated between 8,000 and 4,000 years ago. Climatic deterioration then caused a regression of the vegetation cover, giving rise to the present bioclimatic domains.

Keywords: forêt boréale, paléophytogéographie, palynologie, postglaciaire, Québec, boreal forest, palaeophytogeography, palynology, postglacial, Québec

If informality has been conventionally understood as a territorial formation or as a labour categorization, this paper offers an alternative conceptualization that conceives informality and formality as forms of practice. The paper examines how different relations of informal and formal practice enable urban planning, development and politics, and explores the changing relationship between informality and formality over time. To illustrate the political potential of conceiving informality and formality as practices, it highlights the fall-out from a particular urban crisis: the 2005 Mumbai monsoon floods. In the final section, the paper offers three conceptual frames for charting the changing relations of informal and formal practices: speculation, composition, and bricolage.

Keywords: Crise, formalité, informalité, Mumbai, pratique, urbanisme

The Theatrephone, the telephone, the phonograph and the gramophone, all of them technologies based on the principle of blind listening, have each been used variously by radio, theatre, as well as cinema. Such amplified sounds are disincarnate, spectral presences. This form of listening is still found in contemporary plays when voices get severed from bodies and noises unhinged from objects. One finds it in the plays of Maurice Maeterlinck (The Blind, Intruder, Interior, The Death of the Tintagiles), Samuel Beckett (The Last Tape, Eh Joe, Not I, Rockaby, Embers), Carlo Emilio Gadda (Eros e Priapo, San Giorgio in Casa Brocchi), Ibsen (En Folkefiende, Gengangere, Bygmester Solness, Når vi døde vågner), Jean Tardieu (Une voix sans personne), Marguerite Duras (L'Amante anglaise, India Song, Savannah Bay) and several others. This article offers suggestions for developing an archaeology of mise-en-scene regarding this form of listening by examining a few devices in use at the end of the 19th century, a period rich in technological innovations.

Keywords: écoute aveugle, théâtre, cinéma, radio, disque, bande magnétique, archives théâtre, Maurice Materlinck, Blind Listening, Sound, Theater, Cinema, Radio, Maurice Materlinck

In 1603, Diego de Torres Bollo (1550–1638), Jesuit procurator of the province of Peru, published in Rome his Relatione Breve, one of the first printed accounts of early Jesuit missionary activities in South America. The work was an instant success: in 1604 a second Italian edition was published in Venice, as well as translations into Latin (Antwerp) and French (Paris). The Relatione was typical of many Jesuit accounts of the period, that is, it consisted of a skillfully arranged montage of letters from the missions, written for the express purpose of attracting new vocations to missionary work in South America. To the detriment of this editorial success, with the exception of the major bibliographical repertories, de Torres Bollo’s text is rarely used and seldom cited by historians, and is even paradoxically absent in historical undertaking such as Rubén Vargas Ugarte’s Historia de la Compañía de Jesús en el Perú; furthermore, there is no modern edition, not even a diplomatic transcription, in the important Monumenta Peruana. With this contribution, I intend not only to inform those who read a little-known work, but also to demonstrate how it constitutes a decisive moment in the genesis of the “relation” genre in the first decades of written Jesuit communication.

The preservation of Ottoman heritage has been a contested topic in Turkey over the last few decades. While many studies have attended to the political and economic interests related to the restoration of Ottoman-era architectural complexes and buildings, this article draws attention to the intersecting aspirations and negotiations over the question of preservation by various actors in the historical Fatih district of Istanbul. The district’s historical importance is traced back to 1463, when the Ottoman ruler Mehmet II (ca. 1432–1481) decided to build a monumental mosque complex after the city’s conquest. The construction of additional monumental mosque complexes, madrasas (colleges), Sufi lodges, and shrines in the later Ottoman period transformed the district into a space reflecting the enduring political and socio-religious presence of Islamic and Ottoman urban traditions. Starting from the latter half of the nineteenth century, Ottoman modernization and early twentieth century Republican secularization significantly transformed the district’s built environment and everyday life. Over the last few decades, multiple agents have been involved in reviving the district’s Ottoman heritage, namely, Sufi orders, Muslim civil society organizations, and current government projects to restore Ottoman-era buildings. Drawing upon historical and ethnographic data collected in the district, the article argues that the meaning and function of Ottoman heritage are not static entities; rather, they are discursively constituted within shifting socio-political and economic contexts. While acknowledging the increasing commodification of tangible heritage in post-colonial Muslim cities, the article sheds light on how both shared and contested forms of belonging to the institutional and intellectual heritage of Islamic tradition, mediated by Ottoman-era architectural complexes and spaces, broaden our understanding of living heritage.

Keywords: Ottoman heritage, architecture, Istanbul, Islam, urbanism