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The alternative market includes any mechanism used to substitute for traditional risktransfer products offered by insurers. The most significant expansion of this market were particularly brought in the early 1980s to the early 1990s. The need to participate in an alternative market program must be based on sound business reasons, primarily conducted by the risk management principles such as risks identification and evaluation.This article is devoted to the main mechanisms including self insurance, large deductibles, retro plans, captives, fronting arrangements, corporate asset corporation plans and specialized financial markets.

In this article, Guy Poirier addresses the key ideas that led to the creation of the “Textes missionnaires dans l’espace francophone” partnership. In particular, this article explores new approaches to the discovery of the New World, interdisciplinary studies, and the dissemination of missionary texts in Renaissance France, using examples from the author’s own research. The article then proceeds to outline the principles that have guided the delineation of three lines of research along which this SSHRC-funded partnership has advanced: encounters, archives, and the memory of missions.

Successions of Jurassic strata located in the Arctic region normally yield rich assemblages of terrestriallyderived and marine palynomorphs, reflecting relatively warm air and sea-surface temperatures. The land plant floras were prone to the development of local communities and regional provincialism, whereas the marine biotas thrived across extensive open marine areas with high productivity, resulting in the rapid evolution of dinoflagellate cysts (dinocysts) following their earliest fossil record in the Triassic. Dinocysts exhibit low taxonomic richness and provide low biostratigraphic resolution throughout the Lower Jurassic sections. By contrast, they are diverse in Middle and Upper Jurassic strata where they provide excellent biostratigraphic markers for correlating and dating both surface and subsurface sections. Over twenty formal and informal biozonations based on the firstand last occurrences of dinocysts have been erected in Alaska, Arctic Canada, the Barents Sea region, Greenland and northern Russia, many of which are correlated with macrofossils, including ammonites, that occur in the same sections. This paper presents a compilation of 214 Jurassic palynostratigraphic events (118 first occurrences and 96 last occurrences) that have regional chronostratigraphic value in the Circum-Arctic, based on their published records. Each event is correlated with the base of a chronostratigraphical unit (including formal stages and sub-Boreal ammonite zones), or as an estimated percentage above the base of the chronostratigraphical unit relative to the entire unit. The relationships of each event to stages and key fossil zonal schemes is shown on chronostratigraphic plots using the 2020 version of TimeScale Creator®.

This study identifies factors contributing to the success of foster care alumni (FCA) who graduate from post-secondary education (PSE), despite institutions devoting little effort to making PSE accessible to FCA. Nine FCA PSE graduates were interviewed about their success.  Responses were analyzed using an exploratory method to identify themes related to factors deemed critical to theirgraduation from PSE. Ferguson’s (2019) conceptual model of a Student Development Pathway was used to organize findings; success factors were analyzed accordingly to their role in the Preparation, Awareness, Engagement, Transition, and Persistence phases. Findings suggest the role of coaching and caring adults was most notable in the Preparation, Engagement, and Transitional phases to PSE. Determination factored predominantly during the Persistence phase, and Resistance was most associated with the Preparation and Persistence phases. Findings also indicated numerous untapped opportunities and initiatives that could make PSE more accessible and achievable for FCA.

Keywords: jeunes pris en charge, foster youth, foster care alumni, anciens jeunes pris en charge, protection de la jeunesse, student success, réussite scolaire, post-secondary education, études postsecondaires

In achieving sustainable development objectives and the implementation of United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change decisions, Togo, a French-speaking country in West Africa, drew up a national development plan and a national adaptation plan in 2018. Although those plans set out actions to be implemented, there is a gap in the measures that are planned, such that actions are not harmonized. In addition, the difficulty in implementing remains a problem, as well as the popularisation and mastery of implementation tools. Could it be due to the diversity of measures or the lack of tools? It is crucial to review sustainable development and climate change adaptation planning options, through the integration of adaptation strategies in the development objectives, to harmonise the measures and actions implemented on a territorial scale.

Keywords: Développement durable, Sustainable development, adaptation au changement climatique, climate change adaptation, planification territoriale, territorial planning

Rennes tries to exist in the international area by focusing on cultural branding. Over the years, Rennes used cultural values in order to become attractive and additionally, urban politics and culture have served the purpose of constructing a local cultural identity. This article aims at describing and evaluating a major advert campaign. In particular, this article demonstrates that with only 400 000 inhabitants, Rennes's politicians and decision-makers have tried to promote a metropolitan image and ideal as a legitimate public image. The research presented in these pages demonstrates how this cultural identity is both locally espoused and nationally challenged at times.

This article focuses on the treatise De immortalitate animae (Paris, 1491) written by Guillaume Houppelande, one of the most famous members of the Faculty of Theology of the University of Paris in the fifteenth century. Houppelande’s treatise, which refers to ancient, patristic, and medieval sources, contains several arguments on the immortality of the soul. Special attention is first given to Houppelande’s attitude towards those philosophical and theological theories that supported his own arguments before focus is turned towards an analysis of Houppelande’s relationship to medieval philosophy.

The aim of this paper is to interpret the special place of Naples in Philippe Vilain’s work. In the light of socio-anthropological considerations on the significance of adoption in certain traditional Neapolitan practices, we will attempt to support the hypothesis that the transition from the status of foreign traveller to that of adopted Neapolitan constitutes the culmination of an original literary process that bases its autofictional device on the need to make what Vilain calls “the orphaned voice of the I” heard, and to go beyond it.

Agriculture is undoubtedly one of the sectors most affected by climate change. While the sector is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions, adapting it remains a major challenge, especially for countries in the southern hemisphere, where agriculture is economically vital and represents a source of jobs and guaranteed food security. However, the international legal regime has not paid enough attention to the climate issue. This can be observed not only in conventional treaties, but also in the Decisions of the Conference of the Parties and even in the funding of financial mechanism projects and programs. Following the progress made at COP 17, the Koronivia Joint Work is the most significant agricultural initiative in the climate regime. It will be necessary to continue its implementation with a view to achieving the establishment of a real plan of action for this sector.