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471.More information
Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.
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472.More information
The space-time frame of the study is located in France, from the Guérande peninsula to the island of Ré, between the fourteenth and the eighteenth century. Sensitive and brittle, this area is regularly battered by violent winds. It also undergoes episodic sea flooding that can cause ruptures of balance. This research offers to query the notion of social and territorial vulnerability to the crises caused by exceptional events in history. On this purpose, we firstly examined and identified the hazards. The choice was made to mainly focus on those related to the wind (storms) and the sea (coastal flooding). We then studied the impacts of these phenomena on medieval and modern coastal societies and analyzed their perceptions and reactions. This approach allowed to simultaneously address and consider the vulnerability and the adaptability of ancient coastal populations, especially through the memory storage process, the risk awareness, the development of prevention, etc. Thinking the concept of vulnerability in a long time consideration forces the historian to position himself at the crossroads between natural factors, mental perceptions, territory management and political decisions.
Keywords: Petit Âge Glaciaire, vulnérabilité, littoral, tempête, submersion, réactions des sociétés, Little Ice Age, vulnerability, coastline, storm, coastal flooding, societies reactions
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473.More information
This article is focused on the governance of one type of Marine Protected Areas, namely Natura 2000 at sea. The aim is to identify what is determinant for the effectiveness of their governance. From a database of 158 sites located in Hexagonal France, 20 were used for comparative case-studies. The analysis of the database shows that despite an identical national framework, it is in fact implemented very differently according to the diversity of maritime frontage, regions and sites. To understand this diversity, we describe four discriminant factors: the overlapping of the Natura 2000 area within another territorial management zone, the governance temporalities (before or after the management plan), local proximities (pre-existing or to be created), the geographical location of the site (coastal or offshore). Then we analyze the effects and impacts of governance, according to their characteristics. Their added benefits are described (direct effect, rebound-effect, resources, actions and coordination), revealing that their effectiveness is nonetheless conditional. The effectiveness and quality of the governance are then characterized according to the objectives of Natura 2000 at sea and some improvements are suggested.
Keywords: aires marines protégées, conservation, environnement marin, gouvernance, Natura 2000 en mer, marine protected areas, conservation, marine environment, governance, Natura 2000 at sea
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