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The authors have made a detailed study of the top of a rocky hill, north-east of Poste-de-la-Baleine, Nouveau Québec. The method of squares was used. A square study-area with 100-metre sides was delimited, which was divided into decametre and metre squares. The content of these squares was then analyzed. This article describes some aspects of the morphology of Rock square, which is typical of the region : the structure, the relatively gentle slope of the almost bare rocks, the small but numerous stagnant water bodies, the small amount of detritus.

AbstractThe harmful effects generated by biofilms have an extremely high cost. In this study, we were interested in the formation of marine biofilms forming on the wellknown anionic dialysis membrane AN69 used in the reduction of seawater salinity for the preparation of body-washing solutions. We focused our study on two membranes: AN69 and AN69 modified (denoted AN69 mod) by the sorption of poly(diallyldimethyl-ammonium), a cationic polyelectrolyte denoted by PDADMA. Physico-chemical characteristics (membrane charge from Li+ transport and streaming potential measurements, water flux from hydraulic permeability measurements and morphological/topographical measurements using SEM and AFM, respectively) were monitered during the exposure of both membranes to E. coli and natural marine biofouling solutions. Our results showed that the modification of the AN69 membrane by PDADMA its charge and increased its electrostatic affinity for bacteria. Electrostatics forces are, therefore, the main forces responsible for membrane biofouling. Furthermore we developed a simple antibiofilm protocol based on a one-step dipping operation applied to the fouled AN69 membrane which eliminates the PDADMA and associated bacteria. For the first time, all deposited marine bacteria were easily eliminated allowing for the regeneration and sustainable use of the AN69 membrane.

Keywords: revêtement antibiofilm, poly(diallyldiméthyl-ammonium), membrane de dialyse AN69, Escherichia coli, bio-colmatage marin, dialysis membrane AN69, antifouling coating, poly(diallyldimethylammonium), Escherichia coli, marine biofouling

Relegated to an “overseas” institutional status, Guadeloupe is subjected to a particular configuration that makes the understanding of local migration policies more difficult. This singular regime sets itself apart by the existence of an “internal” border between the overseas department and the French metropole, and the selective suspension of the rule of law. These measures are legitimated by the “specificity” associated with the archipelago and result in a form of marginality that reduces the rights of migrants as well as enhanced controls on movements from/to metropolitan France. How can the existence of this demarcation within the national space be addressed? How to understand this judicial discontinuity with the metropole in a society that was in a colonial situation decades ago?Using these questions as a starting point, this article proposes to address border control practices in Guadeloupe as an illustrative manifestation of an « exceptional » governmentality in French overseas territories. It suggests that migration policies in Guadeloupe proceed from a political rationality that is based on the marginalisation of the territory. Using a qualitative survey based on semi-structured interviews carried out in 2013 and governmental and associative reports, this research aims at demonstrating how border control arrangements used in Guadeloupe - and, by extension, in French overseas territories - by the French state apparatus are guided by a postcolonial paradigm led by the assumption of a labile and suggestible population.

Keywords: gouvernementalité, migrations, régime d'exception, espace national, Guadeloupe, Governmentality, migrations, exception system, national space, Guadeloupe

The Indian Ocean – a gateway to energy and a vital international sea route – has always been important for China. And with the Maritime Silk Road, it is becoming the incubator of a new Chinese conception of maritime power. This predominantly geoeconomic vision, with its underlying notion of “maritime connectivity,” doesn't translate into partnerships and cooperation agreements with coastal states, because it is incompatible with an anarchic maritime system dominated by traditional visions of security and interstate rivalries. In this competitive context, the Chinese approach is instead confined to the yielding of economic power over its partners and the construction of dual-use infrastructure (civil and military) indicative of China's ambivalent posture.

Keywords: Route maritime de la soie, océan Indien, puissance maritime, sécurité maritime, Maritime Silk Road, Indian Ocean, maritime power, maritime security, Ruta Marítima de la Seda, Océano Índico, potencia marítima, seguridad marítima

Keywords: Sexualité, Eau, Psychanalyse, Méduse, Sirène

Judging by their actions—inter-provincial delimitation of the continental shelf, exploitation of continental shelf resources by the provinces of Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and Labrador exclusively, exclusion from equalization calculations of the totality or part of the revenue generated by these resources—the Government of Canada and the Governments of Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and Labrador would have us believe that the continental shelf belongs to these two provinces. This is not the case. In fact, contrary to a widespread perception, the continental shelf belongs to no one. International law does not grant coastal States sovereignty over the continental shelf, but rather sovereign rights for the purpose of exploring and exploiting the natural resources of the continental shelf. These rights, born out of a process of political compromise, are recognized as being those of the Federal Government. Thus, the argument most often used to legitimize the exclusion of non-renewable resources from equalization calculations, namely that these resources belong to the provinces, cannot apply to continental shelf resources. The practice in Canada regarding the exploitation of oil and gas resources on the Atlantic continental shelf is, from a legal as well as a political standpoint, all the more surprising given that the Canadian Federation is said to be cemented by the principle of equalization.

Keywords: Plateau continental, exploitation, ressources, hydrocarbures, péréquation, souveraineté, compétence, Continental shelf, exploitation, resources, hudrocarbon, equalization, sovereignty, jurisdiction

ABSTRACTClosed-system seasonal frost mounds were observed from 1991 to 1993 on sandy spits and a barrier island of the Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula, in the Northwest Territories. The frost mounds have a circular and convex shape. Their diameter ranges from 5 to 15 m and their height from 15 to 25 cm. The core of the mounds consists of a lense of intrusive ice of similar diameter than that of the mound. The uppermost surface of the ice lense is convex upward while its base is horizontal. The maximum thickness of an ice lense is equal to the maximum elevation of the frost mound, i.e. ranging from 15 to 25 cm. Frost mounds develop in a depression in the backshore zone, located behind the storm berm. At the end of summer, storm surges induce the saturation of the sandy coastal accumulation landforms with sea water. Freeze-up then results in increased hydrostatic pressures of sea water trapped in the backshore depression, leading to the development of closed-system ice lenses. Frost mounds form in a single winter and disappear completely during the following summer. The density of frost mounds at the surface of the coastal accumulation landforms appears to be related to the frequency of storm surges between mid-August and mid-September and to the freeze-up conditions.