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71.More information
The public maritime domain is legally well defined. The space which it recovers is at the crossroads of major stakes, between land and sea. Natural risks, as technological risks, affect this area. The integrated coastal zone management submits the competent authorities to renew their approach of these areas. Consequently, it can be noticed that the traditional approach of the public maritime domain reveals its own limits, but the appreciation must be moderated and leads to distinguish between a question of natural risks or technological risks. On the other hand, it appears significantly that the stakes inherent to the situation of the public maritime domain require an integrated approach, taking into account particularly the contrasted objectives of which it is the stake. This resulted in redefining the methods of the governorship there. In conclusion, it appears well that economic, social and ecological impact of climate change on these fragile areas also implies to stick finally to causalities of these phenomena.
Keywords: domaine public, risques, inondation, submersion, contrôle des activités, constructions, naturels, dégradation, retrait stratégique, responsabilité, zones côtières, gestion intégrée, Risks, public domain, inundation, activity control, construction, natural, degradation, responsibility, coastal zones, integrated management
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72.More information
The severity of the problem of illegal immigration by sea has been highlighted collectively by the States. If there is no doubt that the number of illegal immigrants using sea routes is significantly lower than those opting for crossing land or air borders, this migration route is the most worrying one due to its consequences in terms of human lives.The public international law struggles to find an appropriate legal solution, the existing regulations seem inadequate or insufficient. Caught by the dramatic headlines, the law is facing a bitter reality, the rules of the Law of the Sea and the general international law which do not address correctly the issues that states are facing and above all their concern about immigration control, traffic prevention and human trafficking. However, tragic events in the last decades raised awareness among the international community about the severity of this phenomenon and its consequences. This awareness was necessary for the development of states' practices and the international rules. Then, the international cooperation provides a glimpse of avenues, very few right now, to better handle these challenges and to help avoid human tragedies.Then, new techniques need to be created, with the development of the international cooperation among states of a same region. They will take effect by pulling resources to fight illegal immigration by sea and overcome the shortcomings of international law towards illegal immigration by sea.
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73.More information
The coast of the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region largely consists of wide sandy beaches and coastal dunes, locally interrupted by estuaries, coastal settlements and some rocky cliffs. Similarly to most low-elevated coastlines, some of the unconsolidated shorelines of the Nord-Pas-de-Calais experience coastal erosion and marine flooding, with some coastal dunes undergoing erosion and coastline retreat since several decades. The coastal dunes often represent a natural barrier protecting the low-lying reclaimed land of the coastal plain from the sea and their erosion increases the risks of flooding during storm events. Because the coastal zone of the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region is densely populated, coastal retreat and marine flooding represent natural hazards threatening the costal populations in several areas along the shore. The potential impacts of storms are limited, however, due to the macrotidal regime (tidal range > 4 m) in the coastal zone of the region, which restricts the length of time during which coastal erosion and marine flooding can occur at high tide. In spite of this, the recent rise in sea level observed from tide gauge data stations in close proximity suggests that the risk of coastal erosion and marine flooding may increase during the next decades in this region.
Keywords: risques littoraux, érosion littorale, submersion marine, surcote, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, France, coastal hazards, coastal erosion, marine flooding, storm surge, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, France
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74.More information
This article addresses the international legal regime underpinning criminal sanctions for pollution incidents from ships. After an overview of the principal legal instruments – MARPOL and UNCLOS – the author considers the national legislation of a select number of countries and offers some conclusions, taking into account the 2005 EU directive on ship pollution.
Keywords: navires, pollution, régime juridique, directives, législation, ships, pollution, legal regime, legislation, directives
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