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Recent literature emphasizes the role of communities of practices (CoPs) in terms of greater capabilities to assemble and share tacit and grounded knowledge. However, there is a debate on their impact on innovation processes. To contribute to this, we will try to better understand the role of CoPs in innovation within Multinational Corporations (MNC). Thanks to an in-depth case-study of an innovation that was firstly developed in a subsidiary and then deployed in another, we will highlight the critical role of two kinds of CoPs: one formally managed and supported by top management, and the second spontaneous and autonomous. We point out as well the critical role of their coordination modes in the innovation development and deployment within the MNC.

Keywords: Déploiement, communautés de pratiques, innovation, firme multinationale, Deployment, communities of practices, innovation, Multinational Corporation (MNC), Despliegue, comunidades de práctica, innovación, empresas multinacionales

Problems of northern development involve not only lack of planning and a ruthless relationship to the environment, but also the tackling of new situations and the search for better solutions. « Development » is not « growth » and should also include the activities of the indigenous population. Two themes are developed : « Space and Development » and « Mental Structures and Development ». Among the human problems of space, non-indigenous settlements are the most provocative. There is a tendency to dissociate « permanent residential » and « temporary » ecumenes (shift work). Different settlement patterns and the heartland-hinterland theories are discussed. Some development projects are focused on land, not money. Problems of political privileges come to the fore, and « big business » focuses its operations on the interests of the South. The South neither thinks north or looks north. The participation of the indigenous population in the decision-making process is inadequate and so is the role played by ecology. One of the obscure points needing examination or clarification is the position of northern lands in national affairs. Cultural domination in the linguistic field is a problem in both North America and the Soviet Union.

Keywords: Développement, économie politique, écoumène, perception, fait national, Amérindien, Monde nordique, Development, political economy, ecumene, perception, national idea, Amerindians, Northern World

AbstractHip hop culture appeared and flourished in Quebec during the 1980's. A variety of ethnic and cultural groups in Montreal have appropriated rap music as a vehicle for expressing the realities of their daily lives, and as such, hip hop has become a central reference point in the construction of identity. In this article we explain how hip hop culture offers a space where youth of diverse ethnic and cultural backgrounds, who are often marginalized from the dominant Québécois culture, can integrate and adapt to their environment. Rather than analyzing hip hop as a form of global contestation and resistance customized to a local setting, we interpret Québécois rap as a strategy for integration whereby young artists work to make their culture more visible in the public sphere and within the framework of media institutions of the larger society.

Keywords: jeunes, culture populaire, hip-hop, intégration, média, youth, popular culture, hip hop, integration, media

In this article, composer Philippe Leroux begins by looking at the relationship between continuity, sound and gesture. He goes on to explore how the energetic traces of these gestures are transformed into gestural substitutes, and the way in which the act of listening appeals to the gestures of sound production or to physical or psychic virtual gestures. He then considers in how the concept of energetic phrasing functions as a way to combine all of these notions, at once from the point of view of listening and composition. This leads the author to redefine the musical work as a transitional space in which the action of relating sound events to each other supplants the classical notion of development by extension and proliferation of a fundamental idea.

Keywords: geste, énergie, phrasé, espace transitionnel, relation, gesture, energy, phrasing, transitional space, relationship

This case study aims to use the 1724 census to paint a portrait of life in the German villages of French Louisiana. Quantitative and qualitative data offers insight into the identity of the settlers and the conditions in which they lived as well as details of their environment, farming practices and food preparation. The author of the census also suggests that the German villages could be used as food suppliers for New Orleans and the surrounding plantations, and discusses the management and distribution of the enslaved. Finally, this article will examine some features of these German villages to serve as a base of comparison with settlements in New France.

Crossing theory of great structural cycles with center – periphery model to analyse the evolution of Quebec's periphery provide some relevant lights on its contemporary context of development. After an historical period of simple extractivism, endogenous forces has worked on territories to empower progressively the richness during a period of real regional prosperity before exogenous domination of financial flows came back strongly. Among this double reversal of financial power, integration process was real and constant but abandoning poor or consumed territories. Industrial structure didn't achieve maturity and stayed dependent after the take of od localities. Largely supported by important public policies, actual regional transition searches its path among options for a new great structural cycle of development.

Keywords: Cycles, domination, intégration, ressorts, transition, Cycles, domination, integration, spring, transition, Rondas, dominación, integración, muelles, transición

AbstractTo study the peoples of ages past in order to define the principles of the human spirit; to describe contemporary paganism in order to understand the paganism of ancient nations, then clarify the nature of the Christian religion: such was the project issued in 1724 by two men — Joseph Lafitau, author of Customs of the American Indians Compared with the Customs of Primitive Times, and Fontenelle in his treatise De l'origine des fables [On the Origin of the Fables]. The former, a Jesuit who had spent time in the New World, seeks to prove the universal persistence of God's revelation to the first humans, a revelation deformed but never lost amid the permutations of human beliefs. The latter, on the other hand, a sceptical rationalist anxious to re-examine established dogma, wishes to discredit religious belief by demonstrating that its foundation is linked intrinsically to myth. But these differing perspectives employ the same method: the meditation on Christianity is based on a comparison between the native Indians of North America and the people who founded western civilization, the ancient Greeks.

AbstractAttention to social classes in Japan has been rejected in favour of a vision of a national community or one that presents the society as homogenous. Instead, this article defends the position that class analysis is appropriate for understanding the history and current situation of Japan. Classes are defined as positions in socio-economic relations. Before 1868 official ideology divided the society into classes. This division officially disappeared with the regime change in 1868 but distinct classes continued to exist in both the agricultural sector and the new industrial one. Reforms undertaken between 1945 and 1948 altered the situation by reducing income differentials and changing relations in the workplace. Nonetheless, key differences in income and in power remained within companies. In addition, minority political control of the whole society and large corporations (the flagships of Japanese capitalism) was reinforced. Such differences in wages and political control indicate that people are differentially situated in social relations, and that therefore there are social classes.