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Between the Indian Supreme Court's 2014 ruling recognizing a “third gender” and the implementation of the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act in 2019, numerous demonstrations took place across the country. The aim was to protest certain legislative measures in the pipeline. For the first time, the people concerned were able to express themselves through numerous debates about their rights as citizens and about the gender diversity they embody. The term transgender, retained in the law, does not allow for all contexts, languages, and regional differences to be expressed. Based on a portrait of two transgender activists and an ethnography of the vernacular terminology used in Assam and Manipur, two regions little known in studies of sexual and gender minorities in India, I examine the different levels of demands and influences involved in the process of constructing the identity of transgender people.

Keywords: Arrago-Boruah, transgenre, Inde, loi, nationalité, Indigène, Assam, Manipur, Arrago-Boruah, transgender, India, law, nationality, Indigenous, Assam, Manipur, Arrago-Boruah, transgénero, India, derecho, nacionalidad, Indígeno, Assam, Manipur

In 1925, under the leadership of Duncan Campbell Scott, Indian Affairs undertook an ambitious project to restore and preserve totem poles in British Columbia. Two years later, the Indian Act was amended to better protect these heritage objects on reserves. Initiatives of this kind seem curious at first sight, as Indian Affairs was making unprecedented efforts at the same time to accelerate acculturation and eventually emancipation of Aboriginal peoples. However, an analysis of the Indian Affairs archives and government publications surrounding this project, shows that the Indigenous cultural dimension associated with the poles was less of a concern to senior administrators than the necessity to preserve and protect from foreign greed the objects that have become a source of tourism income and a symbol of national identity. Thus, this initiative was consistent with the paradigm guiding the implementation of the Indian policy, which was to focus in the short term on the material interests of the state to the detriment of aboriginal interests and the longer-term goal of emancipation.

Keywords: Affaires indiennes, Colombie-Britannique, mâts totémiques, préservation, assimilation

AbstractIn the Congo basin, logging has always been at the heart of the most violent forms of the colonial relationship. The example of the Dja forest region in south-eastern Cameroon suggests that the installation of colonial power was based on the establishment of a “territory-population-resources” system that was similar to the one that began in the West at the end of the 17th century. We believe that this “governmentalization of the population,” to borrow an idea from Michel Foucault, is essential to understanding the forest harvesting methods in use from decolonization up to the present. It then becomes possible to consider the power strategies adopted by loggers and sustainable development supporters as being part of the same system for managing both nature and society. The new forestry law adopted by the Cameroon government in 1994 would appear to be at the crossroads between the interests of the industrial forestry sector and the scientific discourse about the population and the tropical forest. It is in this context that the Badjoués living on the edge of the Dja Biosphere Reserve are targeted by both conservationists and logging companies.

Keywords: Lassagne, Cameroun, gouvernementalité, forêt tropicale, exploitation forestière, développement durable, Badjoués, Lassagne, Cameroon, governmentality, tropical forest, logging, sustainable development, Badjoués, Lassagne, Camerún, gobernamentalidad, bosque tropical, explotación forestal, desarrollo durable, Badjues

The will to define Canadian identity in terms of multiculturalism motivates English Canadian intellectuals to rule out the vision of a Québec that conceives its history in post-colonial terms. A jazz opera written by one of the spokespersons of Canadian multiculturalism, George Elliott Clarke, presents a vision of the future meant to be more “tolerant” of Quebec. According to the librettist, the theme is a simple love story; the authors, however, highlight elements in the text of Québécité that reveal a neo-colonial and patriarchal ideology.

Starting with the early 2000s, culture has become an important element of the development strategies of the Saint-Michel neighbourhood in Montreal. These strategies have led to the emergence of a mode of governance for cultural dynamics that brings together cultural, political and community actors. Coordinated by the Table métropolitaine sur la culture, cultural events in the neighbourhood are developed and managed collectively. The neighbourhood's cultural dynamics have been influenced by the COVID-19 crisis. Indeed, the latter has been a source of innovation for the actors of Saint-Michel. The communalized cultural response to the problems caused by the pandemic served as an opportunity to enhance the neighbourhood's “socioterritorial” capital. The notion of the territorial cultural commons (TCC) allows for a better understanding of this process. TCCs generate dynamics capable of acting on both the material and symbolic dimensions of urban environments as a way to contribute to the quality and revitalization of living environments.

Keywords: communs culturels, COVID-19, développement local, territoire, innovation sociale, quartier Saint-Michel, Montréal, cultural commons, COVID-19, local development, territory, social innovation, Saint-Michel neighbourhood, Montreal

The territory of Sarawak, state of East Malaysia, undergoes major environmental transformations. The fast social and economic reconfiguration of rural space is triggered by the rapid expansion of oil palm plantations, pursued officially for development purposes. In order to appraise this dynamic, the author focuses on a governmental project which aim is to convert most of customary native lands of Sarawak into oil palm plantations. The study allows comparing and confronting the semi-traditional iban organizational system of resource management to the modernist project put forward by the state. The observations realised allow addressing the notion of development from a critical perspective in the complex social and institutional context of Sarawak. Problems related to development schemes encountered locally and their causes are emphasised.

Keywords: développement, Sarawak, Iban, autochtone, agriculture, palmier à huile, gestion des ressources, communauté, milieu de vie, droits fonciers, development, Sarawak, Iban, Indigenous people, agriculture, oil palm, resource management, community, livelihood, land rights