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The forest-savannah mosaics are an ecological and heterogenous formation, where landscape structure and composition vary substantially. This study investigates the spatial organization of human activities at the scale of village terroirs of the North Batéké Chiefdom, Democratic Republic of Congo. How are human activities organized on the periphery of the villages? Is there local variability in the spatiality of these activities and what factors account for such variability? Finally, what are the consequences on the landscape, particularly in terms of deforestation? These questions were addressed by crossing data from georeferenced field surveys and socio-economic surveys, all of which were triangulated with analyses from geomatics (GIS and remote sensing). A theoretical model of the village terroir was produced for all villages, consisting of a concentric organization of activities on the periphery of villages, based on the maximum distances walked for each activity. A variation in these distances was observed, notably concerning agriculture, because of demography, availability of woodlands, the presence of community forests and the intensity of economic agriculture. This inter-village variability made it possible to highlight a village typology directly linked to the landscape composition of the terroirs, and thus to highlight different socio-ecological situations within a small area. This has made it possible to identify certain deforestation hotspots, and, conversely, areas where there is little degradation of forest cover. Ultimately, this study aims to support local policies in terms of development and conservation by enabling them to act in an integrated approach at the village level. By relying on the concept of village terroir, this research highlights the relevance of carrying out local, or even micro-local, studies in order to gain a better understanding of the complexity of human-environment relations, which are directly visible on the landscape.

Keywords: mosaïque forêt-savane, terroir villageois, paysage, déforestation, variabilité locale, activités humaines, forest-savannah mosaic, village, landscape, deforestation, local variability, human activities

This article examines the controversy surrounding the French government's alleged “lie” about the usefulness of sanitary masks at the beginning of the pandemic crisis. The study rests on two complementary approaches. The first is a diachronic analysis of the authorities' public interventions in March and April 2020. The second approach consists in identifying and analyzing the reactions to the government's changing discursive line. This double investigation, based on a press review and on the analysis of a corpus of 1239 testimonies of ordinary citizens collected during the first containment, leads us to consider the notion of technical-discursive agency to account for a changing articulation between discourse, available material resources (masks) and scientific knowledge.

Keywords: COVID, controverse, mensonge, crise, discours, gouvernement, masques, COVID, controversy, lie, crisis, discourse, government, face mask

P.N. Savitsky (1895-1968) was a Russian pioneer of the so-called "structural geography", because of its links with the Prague linguistic circle. He was the first to propose, during and after World War I, a geopolitical vision of "Eurasia", an entity which, according to its advocates, is neither Europe nor Asia, but the "place of development" of the Russian Empire and the USSR, successor of the Mongol Empire. The "Eurasia" trend finds its origin in the Russian cultural tradition, which provides it an interpretation of evolution with "internal laws" and "external influences" establishing a natural link between language, culture and Landschaft of peoples, considered as living organisms. The second origin is an original usage of the geographical method of his time. It consists of underlining the definition of "cores" to build up "structures", delimited by the overlapping of natural or human isolines.

Keywords: Eurasie, géopolitique, linguistique, structures, P.N. Savitsky, Eurasia, geopolitics, linguistics, structures, P.N. Savitsky

Over the last twenty years, the globalization of the economy has led companies to develop extensive networks of suppliers and subcontractors. Since the 1990's, the globalization and the liberalization of economic activity have been gone hand in hand with the development of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) due to pressure from the different stakeholders. In the face of such evolutions, the firms'management has become more complex because of the combination of economic and social objectives. We study the CSR policies conducted by three companies in the furniture industry. From a qualitative study and a survey, this paper proposes to highlight the main factors of Socially Responsible Buying (SRB) Policies and the changes caused by these policies in these companies and their SME subcontactors. This research shows that type of subcontracting relation is a key factor to explain CSR strategies of the buyers. It also highlights what practices improve supplier performance.

Keywords: Politiques RSE dans les achats, Facteurs, Changements, Relations de sous-traitance, PME, Socially responsible buying (SRB) Policies, Factors, Changes, Subcontracting relations, SMEs, Políticas de RSE en las compras, Factores, Cambios, Relaciones de subcontratación, PyME

This research focuses on a topic that has been little explored in the literature: the effect of price decomposition on consumer preference. The issue of transparency is particularly relevant in the case of sustainable products given the values of responsibility they convey. An empirical investigation, combining a dual qualitative and quantitative approach, was carried out on fair-trade chocolate. The results confirm that, while consumers are generally skeptical of high prices, breaking them down favors preference and thus tends to increase the acceptability of premium fair trade chocolates. In addition, a cluster analysis highlighted the role of prosocial values and experience with fair trade products in the preference for detailed price information.

Keywords: Chaîne globale de valeur de cacao, Equité liée au prix, Décomposition des prix, Transparence, Préférence des consommateurs, Cocoa global value chain, Price fairness, Price breakdown, Transparency, Consumer preference, Cadena de valor mundial del cacao, Equidad de precios, Desglose de precios, Transparencia, Preferencia del consumidor, Comercio justo

Since the 1990s, the pilgrimage to Saint-Jacques-de-Compostelle has attracted more and more Québécois. How can one explain such an enthusiasm for a centuries-old tradition? Disregarding the verdict of «masters of suspicion», this new wave of pilgrims reinscribes the questions of the spiritual, the religious, and the sacred in our everyday experience. In the twenty pilgrim narratives that we have analyzed, their authors, by putting themselves in the footsteps of their elders, expose their quest for continuity with their ancestors. However, it is a paradoxical filiation - firmly presenting its breaks with a clerical, conservative past - which aims to reimbue the symbolically lacking present with meaning.

If the Amerindian genocide is proven, its precise causes remain subject to discussion, as does the degree of intentionality behind it. According to a common vision shared by many historians and demographers, the vast majority of Amerindians disappeared during the first centuries of colonization under the effect of a “viral clash”, because of their vulnerability to pathogens from Europe or Africa. So where does this idea about the vulnerability of Native Americans to “white people's diseases” and “viral clash” come from, and is it well founded? This article proposes a few avenues of research for an archaeology of the representation of disease as the main reason for the disappearance of the Amerindians. In the opening of the subject, a Caribbean version first brings to light another side of the story, namely that of the reaction of the Amerindian collectives on the island of Curaçao to epidemics, using medicinal plants. This unconventional perspective invites us to take a closer look at the chronology of the epidemics as recounted in the writings and chronicles of the first conquistadors, and then to question the existence of a pandemic on a continental scale during the first centuries of colonization. At the same time, the article compares the impact of the brutal change in lifestyle, slavery, and the destruction of health systems, particularly through the prohibition of medicinal plants and acts of biological attacks, on the development of epidemics. The article ends by proposing that after having served to construct a political-ethical discourse on the disappearance of the Amerindians, these arguments of vulnerability and viral clash, the main supports for a reading of the history of the disappearance of the Amerindians according to the angle of the disease, nourished the eugenicist cause before entering into the common sense via a misinterpretation of the Malthusian and Darwinian theses.

Keywords: pathogène, histoire de l'Amérique, savoirs médicinaux, plantes, altérité, génocide, pathogen, history of America, medicinal knowledge, plants, otherness, genocide, patógeno, historia de América, saberes medicinales, plantas, alteridad, genocidio