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“Comprovisation” is a term created by combining “composition” and “improvisation” used by Sandeep Bhagwati since 2004 on various occasions. It is meant to clarify the systematic coexistence between the areas of composition and improvisation. This article shows how Bhagwati's concept of comprovisation can be used as an artistic concept, a form of playing music collectively, a way of working and as a training model. Comprovisation brings a new formulation of tasks and location of roles of the participants to the idea of collaborative work that is consistent in the process of rehearsal for staged performance. With it, one comes close to the realization of the basic idea of “making music together” (Alfred Schütz, Christopher Small). What is above all new here is its transcultural or intercultural orientation. Comprovisation invites the testing of and experimentation with the boundaries of available musics and cultures, their materiality, sociability, performativity and their creative potential.

Keywords: comprovisation, improvisation, répétition, musique transculturelle, pratiques musicales interculturelles, comprovisation, improvisation, rehearsal, transcultural music, intercultural music making

In 1900, J.C. Deagan Company, an American company specialized in xylophones, patented the Deagan Organ Chimes, a series of nickel-plated metal idiophones. Composed of an array of detachable units, each corresponding to a note, the instrument is played by shaking each unit. The resulting crystalline sound is produced by air vibrating in small organ pipes that are tuned to a frequency and its upper octaves. Today, this instrument has survived the dissolution of its parent company as a curiosity in the history of American instrument making. However, the design of the organ chimes suggests an earlier origin because of its striking resemblance to the Indonesian angklung, a type of bamboo percussion instrument ubiquitous throughout the Southeast Asian archipelago. Never explicitly referenced by the company, the key to this encounter likely lies in the dissemination of cultures from elsewhere in America during the colonial era. This article attempts to link the invention of the Deagan instrument with the major event that was the 1893 World's Fair in Chicago. Given the great impact of the Javanese village on the American imagination, it is unlikely that the creation of the organ chimes seven years later was mere coincidence. Paradoxically, this invention quickly fell into disuse in the 20th century, while the angklung experienced a renaissance in Asia. As a cultural appropriation that has faded from memory, the case of the organ chimes allows us to rethink the historical discourse on instrument making and musical inventions.

Keywords: Francophonie en milieu minoritaire, Immigrants francophones, Marginalisation, Discrimination ordinaire, Cultures éducatives, Insertion professionnelle, Alberta

AbstractFrom History of Culture to Culture and History : The transformation of Danish AnthropologyIn Denmark anthropology was established at the National Museum (1840-1960) characterized by a diffusionist culture history. In a transformative phase (1960-1980) it embraced first structural-func-tionalism and structuralism, then marxism. The new interest in culture and history of the 80's has nothing in common with the old. It depends on a wide range of modern (and post-modern) influences. The socio-cultural background to this development is sketched.

AbstractCooking the BooksGlobal or Local Identities in Food Cultures ?Addressing the linkage between food and cultural identity, this article explores some of the changes which hâve occured in patterns of food consumption in British society since the 1950's. The increasing globalization of foodstuffs - through the importation of exotic, foreign foods and the expansion of fast-food franchises like McDonald's - might be taken to suggest that food has lost ils potency as a symbolic marker of identity. However, this article questions whether creolization is a necessary outcome of current trends. Focusing specifically on cookery books and popular writing about food in contemporary Britain, the author documents the différent meanings which both exotic and domestic foods have taken on, and concludes with the question of whether recent developments reflect an abandonment of national, regional and class identities - traditionally refracted in and through the food domain - or, conversely, their rephrasing.

Sustainable development (SD), which is based on three main pillars, environmental, economic and social, to which the cultural has been added, has become a main reference of urban public policies. As a result of Agenda 21 of the 1992 Rio Summit, cities adopted local SD programs of action. The design and implementation of these programs raise cognitive and organizational issues. This is the case of the City of Montreal, which first puts forward, under the responsibility of a sectoral service, a program favoring the development of sustainable neighborhoods with an interpretation of the SD focusing on environment, before launching a new program, integrating other dimensions of SD and going hand in hand with an administrative reorganization.

Keywords: Développement durable, Environnement, Quartiers durables, Montréal, Sustainable development, Environment, Sustainable Districts, Montréal

The crisis which has shaken the French economy has sent unemployment figures up, while forcing companies to reorganize and modernize the production process. In this context, what is the fate of immigrants who have come to France since the last world war? What are their chances of adapting to new types of jobs?We can get some idea of the answers to these questions by looking at the retraining programmes offered to immigrants over the last thirty years. The present policy orientations of the various government bodies involved in this area are also looked at here.The author sketches an overall portrait of the situation and focusses attention on the crucial problem areas.