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AbstractThe rise of the trans-national corporation raises serious problems for international unionism. This article discusses the organizational structure developed by Charles Levinson and by the International Trade Secretariats of Geneva. Their recommendations require a total reorganization of national and international union federation and the establishment of international organizations capable of meeting the multinational challenge. After a summarizing the suggested strategies, this article critically analyzes their effects on power relations between various national trade union movements, the effects on Third World Trade union movements and its goals, and structures as discussed.

Firms have to manage their debt level, which are revealed by their credit rating, if they want to pursue an internationalization strategy. These companies need to manage their debt level in order to maintain their rating. The analysis of 402 rating changes announced by Standard and Poor's for 182 European multinational companies reveals on average an asymmetric reaction of the stock market : a decrease in stock prices following downgrades but no reaction following upgrades. However, individual reactions are strongly negative in half the downgrade cases and null or positive for the other half. Results are symmetric for upgrades.

Keywords: notation financière, rating, prix des actions, étude d'évènements, credit rating, stock price, event studies, notación financiera, precios de acciones, análisis de eventos

The "pluralistic" shift of the 1960s, combined with the economic recession, has raised several types of questions in France. For example, an attempt to take into consideration a certain plurality is noticeable among political authorities. This, however, was offset by the desire of part of the French population to turn inward, to promote assimilation (when deemed possible) and to foster exclusion. Another question concerned identity: what does it mean to be French? And if born of foreign parents, what nationality is one? How do foreign communities define themselves? How do they react to the experience of changing French migration and nationalist policies? The author bases her rationale on the specific example of Cambodians living in Rennes, Britanny.

Artistic creation using archives has been under consideration in recent years. Archivists are showing interest in focusing attention on artists and the use they are making of archives, notably by inviting them to work in archival centres and repositories. The article presents the results of an evaluation of thesituation of visual and media art projects that have arisen from using archives in archival centres, and of the sources of financing that can be envisioned for their realization. This analysis permits the identification of the characteristics, the trends and the practices which are pertinent to, and enrich the domain of, archival science and which suggest possible actions that an archivist might undertake in the planning and execution of such projects. The study has revealed that artistic use of archives is profitable from the standpoint of archival science, because of its potential to make greater use of archives, its encouragement of the development of competencies to respond to the needs of artists, and of the development of new methods of communicating archives and making new users aware of archives and attracting them.

Our study evaluates, in a theoretical framework articulating the political field of CSR and comparative institutional analysis, the corporate social performance in different type of capitalism. It aims to question the highly discussed hypothesis of the convergence of different models towards a liberal Anglo-Saxon type, in a context of economic and financial globalization. Our results show that liberal models, continental European and social-democratic capitalism remain subject to institutional pressures that impact in a different way the societal performance of national companies, questioning the hypothesis of a convergence of societal practices between liberal and coordinated market.

Keywords: Performance sociétale des entreprises, modèles de capitalisme, champ politique de la RSE, analyse institutionnelle comparée, Corporate social performance, models of capitalism, Political CSR, comparative institutional analysis, Desempeño social de las empresas, modelos de capitalismo, campo de políticas de RSE, análisis institucional comparada

Aging at home is a trajectory that governments have been promoting for many years, and that seniors and their families appreciate. However, aging at home is not a static or linear experience. As people's lives evolve, so do their neighbourhoods, placing individuals in different situations, more or less favourable from the point of view of inclusion, participation and, more broadly, control of their residential environment. This dual evolution is particularly visible in the immigrant areas of metropolitan agglomerations like Montréal. The environments in which both immigration and aging are concentrated vary widely in terms of urban form (inner-city, peri-urban, suburbs, etc.) and urban dynamics (renewal, requalification, gentrification, etc.). These differentiated dynamics sometimes correspond to favoured areas that may be experiencing impoverishment, and sometimes refer to areas undergoing relatively significant social and economic change, posing challenges for urban policies that are just as challenging. Using the concept of residential normalcy, we look at 3 types of living environments (established immigrant communities, requalifying communities, and sprawled immigrant communities). Seniors achieve residential normalcy when they report generally positive feelings about their living environments, the people, groups or institutions that shape their daily lives, and the activities they are able to choose and carry out. Many of the factors that exclude established immigrant communities are related to access to urban resources, particularly institutional recognition. If access to mobility and transportation is a factor of fragility, to be able to follow the trajectory of the community of belonging in the agglomeration, the anchoring of the community of belonging in its environment is a strong factor of inclusion. For areas undergoing redevelopment or sprawling, it's the very location and presence of urban resources that raises questions, giving visibility to individuals and communities. This issue of (in)visibility involves a number of ordinary places (shopping centres, vacant spaces of all kinds, etc.), but these are undergoing major transformation, and their control is not guaranteed. The cases of two Montréal boroughs, Parc-Extension and Montréal-Nord, and the City of Brossard, provide an opportunity to discuss the policies.

Keywords: Vieillissement, immigration, inclusion, ville, banlieue, aménagement, politique urbaine, Aging, immigration, inclusion, inner-city, suburbs, planning, urban policy

Vulnerability of places to natural hazards is a widely used concept with numerous definitions, yet not directly measurable. To operationalize this “latent variable”, a broad range of studies offers quantitative approaches through indexes. Their often-disclaimed aim is to be used as a planning decision-making tools by stakeholders, increasing areas’ adaptation capacities against natural hazards and climate change. Yet, there is stern contrast between indexes methodology developed in scientific publications and their actual impact in vulnerability reduction policies. This exploratory review uses a mixed approach to offer insights in methodological choices among the wide array of different practices. Based on an analysis grid, publications were tested statistically against a sample considered to be representative. Results were then crossed with qualitative analysis. It appears that i) despite the wording in fair share of abstracts, few publications actually set the creation of operational decision-making tool for stakeholders as their goal ; ii) applied indexes or those creating interest among stakeholders are focused in developed countries’ urban areas ; iii) potential end-users participation during indexes’ construction isn’t a necessary requirement to be seen as relevant by them, but does facilitate it in several ways ; iv) no specific methodological choice has systematic impact on an index’ relevance, which depends from the study’s and application area’s context ; v) mapping visualization is, a priori, the sole necessary requirement, which emphasizes the importance of communication between research team and planners.

Keywords: indice, vulnérabilité, pertinence, gestion territoriale, risques naturels, index, vulnerability, relevance local planning, natural hazards

AbstractEthnicity, Political Development and Power in Galibi, Caribs of French Guyana.After 400 years of survival among the multi-ethnic society of French Guyana, members of the Amerindian minority create a communal administration, the Awala-Yalimapo commune. The questions that this paper deals with are : how does this process of institutionnalization of power fits into the historical context ? which institutional power stratégies were adopted to articulate the french national political institutions to their own socio-political processes ? how can thèse processes be used to promote ethno-development and why in this context does ethnicity appear to hâve been a paradoxical process ?

AbstractIn this article, I suggest that there was a tacit demand for recognition underlying the Islamic Institute for Civil Justice set up in 2003 by Syed Mumtaz Ali, an imam in Toronto. I describe the normative conditions that religious arbitration in family matters failed to fulfil, despite the Boyd Report's recommendations (2004). Certain issues, such as the risk of communal sectarianism, the lack of gender equality and the questionable protection of individual autonomy, came to the fore. Overall, this case offers us a cartography of recognition, highlighting the main limits to satisfying such demands within a liberal model of multiculturalism.

Keywords: arbitrage, religion, reconnaissance, multiculturalisme, autonomie, arbitration, religion, recognition, multiculturalism, autonomy