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The depiction of opium in Western visual art seems as ephemeral as Plato's positions in his Pharmacy, in that it can be considered either a beneficial remedy or an evil poison. A universal remedy along with theriaca, the opium-based poly-pharmacy, including cough syrups for children, functioned until the XVIIIth century. The medicinal value of opium was first represented visually, falling into an onieric universe where opium became medication for the spleen. From exoticism to eroticism, the opiate dreams of these smokers took them to fantastic Oriental settings in which the artists took great pleasure. From the concept of an exquisite poisoning to that of a pernicious remedy, the motif of opium in painting marks a fascination for this drug and provides pretexts for artists to draw up formal scholarly arrangements, drawing the spectator into the smoker's sensorial experiences.Our contribution focuses on the figurative images and motifs chosen by artists to represent opium, the smokers and the opium dens. We examine the themes used, including settings in the world of opium as well as the dreamlike, languorous atmosphere illustrated by the smoker, armed with his pipe travelling through an illicit paradise. Through various graphic and pictorial mediums, from the history of medicine to popular illustrations and oriental works from the XIXth century, our analysis seeks to understand the figurative strategies used by artists with a view to improving our understanding of the socio-cultural issues attached to opium.

Keywords: arts visuels, opium, thériaque, morphine, dispositifs formels, visual arts, opium, theriaca, morphine, formal arrangements, artes visuales, opio, triaca, morfina, dispositivos formales

This article comes from my master's degree thesis, I've realized fifteen interviews of judges and prosecution lawyers of financial jurisdiction in Paris and Lyons and observed numerous audiences. I'll demonstrate how the introduction in the French justice system of new public management reforms and procedures inspired from Deferred Prosecution Agreements results in a differential management of illegalisms among white-collar crimes. The individualization of the punishment is the cornerstone of this differential management of illegalisms: for the haves-not it consists in the exertion of disciplinary power, for the haves it is the means of the negotiation of the conditions of the punishment. This inequality stems more from the practices of the magistrates than from an inequality written in law. As the illegalisms of the privileged have become a priority of the penal system, they succeeded in defusing most sanctions, sometimes even to profit from their contacts with the institution.

Keywords: Délinquance économique et financière, gestion différentielle des illégalismes, délinquance en col blanc, sociologie de la justice, sociologie du droit, Economic and financial delinquency, differential handling of illegalisms, white-collar crime, sociology of justice, sociology of law

Citizen movements connected to socio-ecological issues are increasing around the world : In the global North and South, people and communities are struggling against mining projects, against mega-projects, for the development of responsible and urban agriculture, against the inequities engendered by climate change, etc. This article examines historic and contemporary citizen movements linked to socio-ecological issues and underscores the evolution in their claims : Initially, environmental justice was exclusively reactive and focused on local cases of disproportional exposure to environmental problems ; today, it is also proactive, increasingly transnational and, in some cases, holistic. I also address the current of popular environmentalism and its links with environmental justice. Then, I probe environmental justice theoretical discourses and identify a framework that is relevant in light of contemporary struggles. Last, I present the concept of ecocitizenship, as well as a typology pertaining to this term, based on an exhaustive review of the scientific literature and on the study of ecocitizenships developed by young community gardeners. It appears that the ecocitizenship that is both critical and participative is of particular interest for environmental justice.

Keywords: justice environnementale, justice alimentaire, écocitoyennetés, mouvements citoyens, écologisme des pauvres, écologisme populaire, extractivisme, mouvements sociaux, zones à défendre, ZAD, typologie, environmental justice, food justice, ecocitizenships, citizen movements, environmentalism of the poor, popular environmentalism, extraction, “zones to defend”, ecocitizenship typology

The threats to biodiversity lead us to reflect on the meaning we give to the invasive potential of exogenous species and to their management. The disconnection of urban dwellers from nature complicates the human - nonhuman relationships that we invite to think in terms of multispecific anthropology. The latter questions the forms of living together and leads us to examine how societies deal with the reception or the exclusion of species considered invasive. We studied exotical turtles found in two parks of Strasbourg with a double naturalistic and ethnological approach. More than 60 individuals from eight exotic turtle species have been contacted during the summers of 2017 and 2018. The shared opinions on the relevance of their presence reveal a certain embarrassment of the 87 informants. Turtles represent a factor of attraction and reconnection with nature but their exoticism questions or worries. This exotism invites us to confront the values attributed to them in order to reconsider the methods used to manage our environments. Once informed by the investigator about the origin and the invasive potential in the natural environment, the majority of users recommend the extraction of the turtles towards dedicated places, but the idea of their destruction is globally rejected. The carefull analysis of discourses points out to nuanced or perplexed postures on the legitimacy of humans to govern nature. More broadly, the relationship between city dwellers and the Nature or even Otherness is questions by these exotical turtles in our urban green parcs.

Keywords: tortues exotiques, nature en ville, espèces exotiques envahissantes, ethnobiologie, parcs urbains, gestion des espaces publics, représentations populaires, exotical turtles, urban nature, invasive species, ethnobiology, urban green parc, management of public areas, popular representations