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Professor of economic geography at Montreal's Ecole des Hautes Études Commerciales from 1931 to 1969, Mr. Benoît Brouillette is the first Québec geographer of international reputation and one of the pioneers of Canadian geography. His activity has been considerable on a local basis, as well as at regional and international levels. In Montréal, in addition to his university teaching, he founded the Société de Géographie de Montréal, and with Pierre Dagenais the Revue Canadienne de Géographie. Secondly, he has written many regional studies and undertook original research on the development of industries and commercial trends in Canada. Lastly, as a member of the Commission of Geography in Education (I.G.U.), he has been an agent in the world-wide propagation of the methods of modem pedagogy which are specific to the science of geography.

Keywords: Histoire de la géographie, Québec, Canada, History of Geography, Quebec, Canada

Although Marx dedicated some of the finest pages of Das Kapital (1867) to the employment contract, there has been little discussion or awareness of these passages. Yet, through the tale of a reluctant worker and his contract with an elite, these lively pages allow us a deeper understanding of Marx's conception of right in his later years. While much attention has been paid to Marx's metajuridical remarks and his youthful critique of Hegel's philosophy of law, very little has been paid to this later exploration of the employment contract, where he explains that capitalist exploitation of workers relies on observance, rather than breach, of the employment agreement.

Climate change is an existential global crisis that has extensive equitable dimensions and climate justice implications. Confronting the staggering problem of the loss and damage — the legacy of harms left in the wake of insufficient mitigation and adaptation efforts — raises critical fairness and justice questions. This article explores the issue of loss and damage through an equitable lens and explores the emerging global governance framework for addressing loss and damage. It unpacks some of the ways in which climate change will cause disproportionate impacts for people in the world who — by virtue of one or more intersecting identify factors and social constructs such as age, race, gender, geography or socio-economic status — already face systemic discrimination and inequality. It also reveals the challenges of locating responsibility and accountability for the harms of a collective action problem caused by actors with radically different and dynamic emission profiles. Applying a climate justice and equity lens to the issue of loss and damage underscores the importance of ensuring a normative response to climate change that prioritizes safeguarding human rights, Indigenous rights, environmental justice, intergenerational equity, and protection of the ecological foundations upon which all life depends.

SummaryIn 1906, Marcel Mauss, in collaboration with Henri Beuchat, pubished his “Essay on the Seasonal Variation of Eskimo Societies. Study of Social Morphology” in L'Année sociologique. For many anthropologists this essay constitutes the only major contribution to anthropological theory based on the case of the Inuit. Why did Mauss write this essay, the only one in his whole work devoted to a single human group ? Who was Beuchat ? What happened to him ? How did Mauss accomplish the project of coming to Canada, at Marius Barbeau's invitation, to study the Amerindians ? These are all questions the author tries to answer in a very personal way by relying on the archives of the Collège de France as well as on his own fifty year-long experience of research on the Inuit of Nunavik and Nunavut, and meetings with Mauss's former students. He shows us the break-down and dispersal of Mauss's intellectual heritage as regards Inuit research and how, in Quebec, starting in the 1970s, a new interest has developed.

The settlement of disputes constitutes the vault key to the multilateral commercial system and one of the unprecedented contributions of the World Trade Organization (WTO) to the stability of the world economy. If, to use the same terms as the Geneva institution, the Understanding on rules and procedures governing the settlement of disputes (URPSD) “consecrates the reign of law”, some of its provisions may seem to lack equity in regards to private actors of the international economy as well as to developing countries. It is the same case concerning the articles devoted to crossed retaliatory measures. However, we will note that a certain balance, detached in a praetorian way by the referees and lobbyists of the WTO, emerges from necessity, for the parties that take advantage of this mechanism, to demonstrate the existence of very severe economic conditions that first level commercial powers, such as the European Union and the United States will have (fortunately, we can add) difficulty to produce. An exam that allows, indeed, to advance that paragraphs b) and c) of article 22 (3) of the URPSD are currently a weapon that is not quite to every one's disposal. The study of European Communities' judicial reaction (for judicial reasons, the European Union is officially named “European Communities” in the WTO) concerning the recent “war of steel” will illustrate the very voluntary attitude of Europe in the use of WTO commercial defense mechanisms and will expose some variables to the process of crossed retaliation as it is.

This paper attempts to explain the controversial, and politically risky, Canada-us Free Trade Agreement (CUFTÀ) as a by-product of political entrepreneurship in pursuit of electoral realignment. Upon becoming Prime Minister of Canada in 1984, Brian Mulroney harbored one overriding ambition : to engineer electoral realignment whereby his Conservative Party would supplant the Liberals as the dominant federal party in Quebec, and by extension, in Canada. Mulroney sought realignment by satisfying Quebec's fundamental institutional demands, which took the form of the Meech Lake constitutional Accord. This objective necessitated the construction of a coalition that married the trade and constitutional issues. Mulroney's brokerage skills ensured that CUFTA progressed in tandem with Meech Lake as a means to realizing his first-order objectives.

The object of this article is to explain why the United States experienced a greater level of entrepreneurship in the recent and distant past than France. There are three types of reasons suggested : economic, socio-cultural and political. Contrary to accepted French political opinion, the author finds that the entrepreneurial gap is not linked to the problems related to the administrative support system for small businesses. The real causes are situated in the relative weakness of the French economic growth, the financial difficulties faced by small businesses, and the lack of interest shown by training organizations in new technologies in France.

Keywords: Création d'entreprises, Aides, Environnement culturel, Dispositifs d'encadrement, Comparaison, France, États-Unis