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The Western culture hasn't succeeded in transforming its technical and scientific supremacy into a democratic prophecy for the whole world. The risk exists that free speech might be submitted to restrictions imposed by the powerful institutions managed by a very restricted elite. Do the militants and the activists, some solidarity networks and the information society digital context convey some new democratic rules? As the public debate was mainly centered on controlling the nation-state, the constitutional protection of privacy opened wide opportunities for the global firms to be protected under the democratic rule. Will the WikiLeaks initiative open a new era for democracy?
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Through the reading of A. M. Klein's novel The Second Scroll, this article proposes a reflection on the original dimension of exile, closely related to Jewish history — its Hassidic, Kabalistic and Talmudic traditions, the history of the 20th century — and to its impact on the rest of the world. Klein's book makes us hear a voice which is totally involved in the desire of transmission and passage, in the will for permanence and survival and which thrives for universality. The present article wants to show the multiple meanings of the Jewish exile and reveal, at its core, an essential human imperative. Such an analysis allows us to show how the theme of exile so deeply rooted in Judaism requires, in order to comprehend its universality, a methodic and studious work on the signifier, the subject, the Name and the meaning.
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The fall of France before the onslaught of Nazi Germany in June 1940 was a wrenching experience for Québec. While the Catholic Church, in its pronouncements to the faithful, insisted on the “sins” of a secularised and republican France, while the more short-sighted rejoiced in the fact that Great Britain would be Hitler's next target, the vast majority of Quebecers were profoundly shaken by the news. The sufferings of France were felt with a keen empathy that reflected the long-standing ties uniting the two peoples, despite an official separation lasting 175 years. Quebecers reacted as if the fall of France was a replay of the conquest of New France: a defeat long past, but still deeply anchored in the collective consciousness. This article summarises the background and the principal events of the first months of the war and the German invasion in May and June of 1940.
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Bookseller and publisher for more than 25 years, François Maspero is perceived by the new generation of critical publishers as a key figure in commitment through books. His atypical professional life is coherent with that period of contemporary French history characterised by the challenges of decolonialisation, the war in Algeria, and the ideological debates between the years following the uprising in May 1968 until political alternation of 1981. His actions in favour of Algerian independence and his revolutionary stand, illustrated by the publishing of such magazines as Partisans and Tricontinentale, are noteworthy. Working out of the Place Paul-Painlevé, the publisher also contributed significantly to the use of alternate approaches to the fields of social sciences and the humanities. He was closely associated with the cultural upheavals of the time and acted as a transmitter of perceptions held by the Third World at a time when they were unknown in France. His retirement coincided with a more pessimistic time, associated with globalisation in a more liberal époque.
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While Jean Anouilh may not have been as active an advocate as Jean-Paul Sartre or Albert Camus, his plays always refer to contemporary events and public figures. This holds particularly true as regards the purging that followed the end of World War II, General de Gaulle, and the events of May 1968. In addition to politics proper, Anouilh's plays also refer to all manners of cultural expression, from theatre to cinema, from song to fashion. While little attention to date has been paid to this component of his works, they are much the greater for it.