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ABSTRACTIn its early period, cinema was oral rather than silent, which means that it was rapidly subsumed by practices deriving from orality such as the illustrated lecture, the vaudeville show, and the fair. Its apparatus of mediation thus partly took on heterogeneous traditional practices that were less disciplined than silent cinema; spectators were thus only gradually reduced to silence while the film acquired the capacity of utterance. Nevertheless "improved" animated films persisted as a tactic of resistance in communities which produced few films.
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AbstractThe present article falls within the scope of broader research into dictionary-related data on the construction of French words with alternative written forms. The goal of the research was to determine the demarcation and distribution of the minimal graphic constituents of these words. This study allowed us to identify the precise difficulties encountered by both writers in the act of textual production and lexicographers concerned with normative spelling. The theoretical framework used was that of Catach 1989.
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Bruno Diehl and Gérard Doublet describe the managerial failure of France Télécom from an insider's point of view. Under Michel Bon, a remarkable transformation lead the former state owned company to deliver strong results as a private corporation. But the dotcom vertigo left France Télécom with almost 100 M$ in debt after the Orange LBO. From 2002 on, two different CEOs resumed any kind of human resource strategy. Their objective was to back the stock's value and the free cash flow. A number of procedures were adopted to increase the number of workers and engineers who would quit. But the stress became so intense that dozens among them were driven to commit suicide, thus revealing to the public that the Board and the managers had lost control over the situation. After many years of harassment, how to return to a sound human resource management? This is the true challenge for the new CEO, Stéphane Richard.
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