Documents found
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181.More information
Le Trouble Déficitaire de l'Attention avec Hyperactivité (TDAH) est un désordre psychiatrique de l'enfance. Ce trouble est caractérisé par des symptômes d'inattention et d'hyperactivité/impulsivité. La conceptualisation actuelle du trouble divise les individus affectés en sous-types, les deux sous-types les plus fréquents étant le TDAH-Inattentif (inattention) et TDAH-Combiné (inattention et hyperactivité/impulsivité). Il existe un débat de longue date quant à savoir si les sous-types Inattentif et Combiné sont plus correctement conçus comme différentes formes du même désordre ou comme deux diagnostics distincts.Les expériences dans cette thèse évaluent les similitudes et les différences entre le TDAH-Inattentif et le TDAH-Combiné dans plusieurs domaines. Nous avons utilisé des tâches de mouvements oculaires pour évaluer le fonctionnement exécutif des sous-types en début d'adolescence, comparé leur réponse au méthylphénidate (Ritalin), examiné …
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182.More information
This study was designed (1) to describe the consumption of psychotropic substances among pre-adolescents with externalized disorders and (2) to identify the personal, family and social characteristics which differentiate those who have been introduced to psychotropic substances from those who do not consume them. The sampling was composed of 194 children (54 girls) between the ages of 9 and 11 years who received psychosocial services in the schools for externalized behaviour problems. At the beginning of the study, 30.4 % presented Conduct Disorders (CD), 56.2 % Oppositional Defiance Disorders (ODD), and 80.4 % had an Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).The results indicate that 41.2 % of the youth who had externalized behaviour problems had been introduced to a psychotropic substance before the age of 12 years. Compared to youth who abstained, those introduced to psychotropic substances presented more symptoms associated with violating rules and with anxiety. The girls who had been introduced to psychotropic substances early presented certain temperamental characteristics of activity, intensity and distractibility. On the family level, more of these youth came from family environments in which the parents abused or were dependant on drugs and presented antisocial behaviours. Lastly, on the social level, if the children who were introduced to psychotropic substance had a network composed of a larger number of friends, more of these friends had also been introduced to cigarettes, alcohol and cannabis. In the light of these results, already in elementary school, the intervention with youth who have externalized behaviour disorders should include a systematic screening procedure and preventive actions which propose positive social models.
Keywords: Troubles extériorisés, initiation précoce aux psychotropes, préadolescents, caractéristiques associées, Externalized disorders, early initiation to psychotropic substances, pre-adolescents, associated characteristics, trastornos exteriorizados, iniciación precoz en el consumo de psicotrópicos, preadolescentes, características asociadas
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183.More information
To this day, intellectual giftedness remains a subject of debate among clinicians and researchers in a variety of fields. Its conceptualization and measurement are not unanimously accepted, resulting in significant limitations in the production of scientific knowledge surrounding gifted populations. While we know that low cognitive ability is a risk factor for the development of a substance use disorder (SUD), the links between intellectual giftedness and the use of psychoactive substances (PAS) remain poorly understood. Representing up to 2% of the general population, gifted people typically display high levels of metacognitive ability, creativity and commitment. Some gifted people present a combined condition commonly referred to as “double exceptionality” (2e) (e.g. learning difficulties, attentional difficulties, autism, mental health problems). This neurocognitive profile puts gifted people at greater risk of experiencing minority stress resulting from the neuronormativity present in society. This article presents the results of a scoping review conducted in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines in order to determine the state of knowledge surrounding APS use in gifted and 2e individuals. Of the 25 studies selected, although it is impossible to say whether APS use differs in the intellectually gifted compared with the general population, the development of SUD may be less frequent and delayed in the latter. However, there are important limitations to the conceptualization and assessment of giftedness, as well as the use of APS. In view of the minority stress that neurodivergent populations may encounter, a critical and neuroaffirmative posture for intervening in addiction with gifted and 2e people appears necessary.
Keywords: douance intellectuelle, double exceptionnalité, usage de substances, trouble de l'usage de substances, neurodivergence, stress minoritaire, intellectual giftedness, twice-exceptionality, substance use, substance use disorder, neurodiversity, minority stress, altas capacidades intelectuales, doble excepcionalidad, uso de sustancias, problema del uso de sustancias, neurodivergencia, estrés minoritario
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184.More information
In prisons, the prevalence of mental disorders and death by suicide reach proportions far above that of the general population : the risk of suicide being 11 to 14 times higher. Based on a sample of 565 newly incarcerated individuals, the relationship between suicide attempts and mental disorders was studied, with an emphasis on the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Results show that a possible presence of ADHD in a prisoner increases the likelihood of having already attempted suicide, as well as the presence of an Axis I and II disorders.
Keywords: Prison, tentative de suicide, TDAH, santé mentale, Prison, suicide attempt, ADHD, mental health, Prisión, tentativa de suicidio, TDAH, salud mental
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185.More information
Impulsive aggression leads to various negative consequences for the individual and society. This problem was related to serotonergic system. Impulsive violence is also found in various diagnoses of mental disorders. The purpose of this paper is to present a review of the literature on the links between serotonin, mental disorders and impulsive aggression. Particular attention is devoted to serious mental disorders like schizophrenia. It appears that serotonin has a role in the emergence of violent behavior and that this can transcend diagnostic categories. More research will be necessary to determine the role of serotonin and treatment options that may arise.
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186.More information
This cross-sectional study examines the relationship between internalizing and externalizing behaviours and overweight in preschool children from Quebec City aged between 3 and 5 years. A total of 330 parents completed the French-Canadian version of the Child Behavior Checklist for Ages 1.5-5. Based on their body mass index, gender, and age (all self-reported data from the parent), children were classified as normal weight (3rd to 85th percentile) or overweight (> 85th percentile). Normal weight girls showed higher total internalizing scores than their overweight counterparts. Normal weight girls also had higher scores for the anxious/depressed and withdrawn subscales than overweight girls. No significant difference was observed between normal weight and overweight children for externalizing behaviours. Longitudinal studies are needed to better understand the emergence and direction of the relationship between behavioural problems and overweight in preschool children and the mechanisms involved.
Keywords: problèmes de comportement, surplus de poids, enfants, préscolaire, CBCL/1.5-5, behavioural problems, overweight, children, preschool, CBCL/1.5-5
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187.More information
Cette thèse de doctorat porte sur les fonctions exécutives (FE) chez les enfants. Les FE sont les processus cognitifs qui permettent aux individus de contrôler consciemment les pensées et les actions au quotidien (Jurado & Rosselli, 2007; Shallice, 1988). Elles regroupent un grand nombre de processus cognitifs, comme la planification et la résolution de problème, bien que les modèles plus récents mettent en évidence trois composantes principales, soit l’inhibition, la flexibilité et la mémoire de travail (Miyake et al., 2000). Les FE font l’objet d’un intérêt croissant en recherche en raison du fait qu’elles forment un concept clé impliqué dans plusieurs domaines de fonctionnement de l’enfant, y compris la santé, le bien-être général, les capacités d’apprentissage et d’autorégulation émotionnelle. À cet égard et depuis plusieurs …
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188.More information
Une évaluation du nombre de symptômes d'hyperactivité-impulsivité et d'inattention a été faite sur 277 jumeaux au moyen d'une entrevue semi-structurée administré aux parents, basée sur une échelle validée et communément admise, et une tâche de pointage a été demandée à chacun d'eux. La tâche de pointage a été effectuée avec chaque main successivement vers une cible dont la position à 135° ou à 45° était déterminée aléatoirement. Les tracés ont été classés en trois catégories selon le type de la première correction volontaire qu'ils présentaient sur leurs profils cinématiques : absence de correction, correction de position, correction dynamique. Ce projet veut caractériser la relation entre le taux de chaque type de correction et le nombre de symptômes de TDAH chez une population d'enfants ne répondant …
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189.More information
Methamphetamine (MA) has recently become very popular in the media, due in part to its increasing popularity as well as its psychotropic effects and the negative consequences of its use. Is it a stimulant like any other, or does methamphetamine use lead to specific difficulties in its users? The aim of this article is to provide a brief review of the literature by explaining some of the reasons for its popularity in Canada as well as the physical, dental, psychiatric, cognitive and legal problems associated with its use. MA's popularity: Regarding its popularity, MA has benefitted from multiple factors, namely its low cost for users and manufacturers, its quick and intense psychotropic effects (increased energy, sexual arousal, rapid thinking, sleeplessness, lack of appetite), its easy access, as well as its various methods of ingestion (nasal, oral, injection). MA abuse also results in a multitude of negative effects, both physical and mental. MA's physical effects: In terms of negative physical effects, cardiac problems, skin infections, sexually transmitted (and injection-related) diseases as well as meth mouth are described. MA's mental effects: In terms of mental consequences, two recently published Canadian studies revealing high rates of depression symptoms and of sustained psychotic symptoms in a subgroup of MA users are presented. Studies reporting various cognitive deficits in MA user are also reviewed, including reports of high prevalence of childhood attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder diagnoses among adult MA users. Furthermore, MA abusers are documented as having been highly exposed to trauma in their lives, with many presenting with post-traumatic stress disorder criteria. This manuscript also explores the reasons behind the forensic profiles of individuals using MA, particularly the increased tendency toward violent acts, the high incarceration rates of the homeless users and the high percentage of individuals diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder reported in studies. In terms of user profiles, various methods of ingestion, frequency of use as well as combination with other drugs are described, with a special focus on the frequent polysubstance abuse found in MA users and the reality of bingers. Treatment: This manuscript describes specific treatments designed for stimulant users such as MA abusers, namely the MATRIX program, as well as modifications piloted for those with comorbid depression. Pharmacological treatments, as well as antioxidant supplements, are also discussed although they have not yielded positive results with humans to date. Overall, our goal in this manuscript is to highlight the complexity of the difficulties faced by MA users as well as the limited ability of currently available treatments to address the multiple needs associated with this complexity.
Keywords: méthamphétamine, effets, profils, effets physiques, effets mentaux, traitement, Methamphetamine, effects, profils, physical effects, mental effects, treatment