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1471.
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1472.More information
For some decades, excavations on elitarian residences and fortifications from the early Middle Ages have multiplied in France as well as in Belgium. They highlighted a great typological variety, simple but often effective architectural choices, and various influences. Despite this step forward, there still exists a very negative vision of early Middle Age defence works, and the data collected on early aristocratic dwellings has seldom been used to assess the genesis of the castle in the l0th and 11th centuries. This bibliographical assessment limited to the previous fifty years successively tackles the evolution of the methodological approaches, the defense of chief towns and castra, the art of siege, some major types of elitarian residences, and the need for a study of material culture in order to better comprehend the functions and hierarchy of these sites.
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1474.
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1475.
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1476.More information
Historical sociological studies face a challenge similar to that discussed by Martin Wight in “Why is there no International Theory?” Classical social theorists conceptualized “society” in the ontological singular, leaving their successors with a “domestic analogy” problem which has dogged attempts to provide a social theory of International Relations. Overcoming this problem requires an expansion of the premises of social theory to incorporate those general features of social reality which generate the phenomenon of “the international”. This expansion can be achieved using Leon Trotsky's idea of ‘uneven and combined development'. Specifically, the existence of ‘the international' arises ultimately from the “unevenness” of human sociohistorical existence; its distinctive characteristics can be derived from analysis of the resultant condition of “combined development”; and its significance, thus sociologically redefined, entails are conceptualization of ‘development' itself — one which removes the source of the “domestic analogy” problem for historical sociology.
Keywords: Sociologie historique, relations internationales, Trotsky, développement inégal et combiné, Historical Sociology, International Relations, Trotsky, Uneven and Combined Development , Sociología Histórica, Relaciones Internacionales, Trotsky, desarrollo desigual y combinado
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