Résumés
Résumé
À travers l’analyse du discours de 15 victimes de crimes interrogées au sujet de leur processus de reprise de contrôle à la suite du délit dont elles ont été l’objet, on remarque que les victimes semblent se distancier des procédures judiciaires en cours. Elles prennent conscience qu’elles doivent prendre en charge leur propre rétablissement, puisque le système judiciaire ne pourra leur venir en aide à cet égard. Les victimes se sentent ignorées par les autorités judiciaires, et la majorité attribuent le traitement reçu à leur « statut » de victime plutôt qu’à leurs caractéristiques personnelles, ce qui les pousse à refuser ce statut, à entreprendre des actions valorisantes dans diverses sphères de leur vie, et à mobiliser des ressources extérieures au système judiciaire afin de prendre en charge leur rétablissement. L’exclusion et l’absence d’information sur les procédures en cours et sur les recours disponibles engendrent un sentiment d’impuissance chez les victimes. Garantir des droits d’information et de consultation lors des procédures pénales serait ainsi susceptible d’améliorer l’expérience des victimes d’actes criminels.
Mots-clés :
- Victimes,
- empowerment,
- justice pénale,
- résilience
Abstract
The analysis of the discourse of 15 victims of crimes regarding their experience with the criminal justice system revealed that victims attempt to distance themselves from the criminal proceedings, realizing that they need to take charge of their own recovery since the criminal justice system can’t help them in this regard. Most victims’ in the sample were able to make external attributions regarding the treatment they received (i.e. they understand that the treatment received is due to their “victim” status and not their personal characteristics). Therefore, many refuse their “victim” status and turn towards rewarding activities in various areas of their life and start taking charge of their own recovery. The criminal justice system appears to trigger victims’ impression of powerlessness, which drives victims to detach themselves from it. The exclusion of victims, the absence of information about the current proceedings and the recourses available, and the paternalistic approach of the criminal justice system towards victims all contribute to this sense of powerlessness. Therefore, enforcing victims’ rights could lead to a better treatment of victims who would be more satisfied of their experience with the criminal justice system.
Keywords:
- Victims of crime,
- criminal justice system,
- empowerment,
- resiliency
Resumen
El análisis del discurso de 15 víctimas sobre su proceso de recuperación, luego del delito del que fueron objeto, destaca que las víctimas tratan de distanciarse de los procedimientos judiciales en curso y toman conciencia de que deben hacerse cargo de su propio restablecimiento, ya que el sistema judicial no podrá ayudarlas al respecto. Las víctimas se sienten ignoradas por las autoridades judiciales y la mayoría atribuye el tratamiento recibido a su “condición” de victima, más que a sus características personales, lo que las lleva a rechazar dicha condición y a llevar a cabo actividades valorizantes en diversas esferas de su vida y a movilizar recursos fuera del sistema judicial a fin de hacerse cargo de su restablecimiento. La exclusión y la falta de información sobre los procedimientos en curso y sobre los recursos disponibles engendra un sentimiento de impotencia entre las víctimas. En ese sentido, garantizar los derechos de información y consulta durante los procedimientos penales podría mejorar la experiencia de las víctimas de actos criminales.
Palabras clave:
- Víctimas,
- empoderamiento,
- justicia penal,
- resiliencia
Parties annexes
Bibliographie
- Abramson, L. Y., Seligman, M. E. P., & Teasdale, J. D. (1978). Learned helplessness in humans : Critique and reformulation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 87, 49-74.
- Aldwin, C. M., Sutton, K., & Lachman, M. (1996). The development of coping resources in adulthood. Journal of Personality, 64, 837-871.
- Baril, M. (1985). Vers une distribution équitable des droits et des libertés : le cas des criminels et de leurs victimes. Mémoires de la Société royale du Canada. Quatrième série, tome XXIII, 105-113.
- Baril, M., Durand, S., Cousineau, M-M., & Gravel, S. (1983). Mais nous, les témoins… Montréal : École de criminologie, Université de Montréal.
- Beach, D. (1997). Family caregiving : The positive impact on adolescent relationships. The Gerontologist, 37, 233-238.
- Besserer, S., & Trainor, C. (2000). La victimisation criminelle au Canada, 1999. Juristat, 20 (10).
- Breton, M. (1989). Liberation theology, group work, and the right of the poor and oppressed to participate in the life of the community. Social work with groups, 12 (3), 5-18.
- Brown, K. S., & Ziefert, M. (1988). Crisis resolution, competence, and empowerment : A service model for women. Journal of Primary Prevention, 9, 92-103.
- Carlson, E. B., & Dutton, M. A. (2003). Assessing Experiences and Responses of Crime Victims. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 16 (2), 133-148.
- Collins, R., Taylor, S. E., & Skokan, L. A. (1990). A better world or a shattered vision ? Changes in life perspectives following victimization. Social Cognition, 8, 263-285.
- Conger, J. A., & Kanungo, R. N. (1988). The empowerment process : Integrating theory and practice. Academy of management Review, 13, 471-483.
- Curbow, B., Somerfield, M. R., Baker, F., Wingard, J. R., & Legro, M. W. (1993). Personal changes, dispositional optimism, and psychological adjustment to bone marrow transplantation. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 16, 423-443.
- Damant, D., Paquet, J., Bélanger, Jo-A., & Dubé, M. (2001). Le processus d’empowerment des femmes victimes de violence conjugale à travers le système judiciaire. Études et analyses, 14. CRI-VIFF.
- Denkers, A. J. M. (1996). Psychological Reactions of Victims of Crime : The Influence of Pre-Crime, Crime and Post-Crime Factors. Thèse de doctorat. Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam.
- Dufour, M. H., & Nadeau, L. (2001) Sexual Abuse : A comparison between resilient victims and drug-addicted victims. Violence and Victims, 16 (6), 655-672.
- Evered, R. D., & Selman, J. C. (1989). Coaching and the art of management. Organizational Dynamics, 18, 16-32.
- Florin, P., & Wandersman, A. (1990). An introduction to citizen participation, voluntary organizations, and community development : insights for empowerment through research. American Journal of Community Psychology, 18 (1), 41-54.
- Fontana, A., & Rosenheck, R. (1998). Psychological benefits and liabilities of traumatic exposure in the war zone. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 11, 485-503.
- Frazier, P. A., & Burnett, J. W. (1994). Immediate coping strategies among rape victims. Journal of Counseling and Development, 72, 633-639.
- Gagnon, J. (2001). Élaboration et validation d’indicateurs de la qualité des soins relatifs à l’empowerment dans un contexte de maladie complexe à caractère chronique. Thèse doctorale. Universités de Montréal et McGill, Montréal.
- Gannon, M., & Mihorean, K. (2005). La victimisation criminelle au Canada, 2004. Centre canadien de la statistique juridique. 25 (7).
- Germain, C. B. (1979). Social Work Practice : People & Environments. New York : Columbia University Press.
- Gibson, C. (1991). A concept of empowerment. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 16, 354-361.
- Hoffman, C. (1978). Empowerment movements and mental health : Locus of control and commitment to the united farm workers. Journal of Community Psychology, 6, 216-221.
- Horowitz, M. (1986). Stress Response Syndromes. Northvale, N. J. : Jason Aronson.
- Janoff-Bulman, R. (1982). Esteem and control bases of blame : “Adaptive” strategies for victims versus observers. Journal of Personality, 50, 180-192.
- Janoff-Bulman, R. (1992). Shattered assumptions : Towards a new psychology of trauma. New York : Free Press.
- Janoff-Bulman, R., & Freize, I. H. (1983). A theoretical perspective for understanding reactions to victimization. Journal of Social Issues, 39 (2), 1-17.
- Keiffer, C. H. (1984). Citizen empowerment : a developmental perspective. Prevention in human services, 3 (2/3), 9-36.
- Le Bossé, Y. (1995). Étude exploratoire du phénomène de l’empowerment. Thèse doctorale, Faculté des études graduées, Université Laval, Québec.
- Le Bossé, Y. (2004). De l’« habilitation » au « pouvoir d’agir » : vers une appréhension plus circonscrite de la notion d’empowerment. Nouvelles Pratiques Sociales, 16 (2), 30-51.
- Le Bossé, Y., & Lavallée, M. (1993). Empowerment et psychologie communautaire : aperçu historique et perspectives d’avenir. Cahiers internationaux de psychologie sociale, 18 (2), 7-10.
- Lehman, D. R., Davis, C. G., DeLongis, A., Wortman, C. B., Bluck, S., Mandel, D. R., & Ellard, J. H. (1993). Positive and negative life changes following bereavement and their relations to adjustment. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 12, 90-112.
- McMillen, J. C., Smith, E. M., & Fisher, R. (1997). Perceived benefit and mental health after three types of disaster. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 733-739.
- McMillen, J. C., Zuravin, S., & Rideout, G. B. (1995). Perceptions of benefit from child sexual abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 1037-1043.
- McWhirter, E. H. (1991). Empowerment in counseling. Journal of Counseling and Development, 69 (3), 222-227.
- Norman, E. (2000). Resiliency enhancement : Putting the strengths perspective into social work practice. New York : Columbia University Press.
- Norris, F. H., Kaniasty, K., & Thompson, M. P. (1997). The psychological consequences of crime : Findings from a longitudinal population-based studies. In R. C. Davis, A. J. Lurigo & W. G. Skogan (Eds.), Victims of Crime, Second edition (146-166). Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage Publications.
- Ozer, E., & Bandura, A. (1990). Mechanisms governing empowerment effects : A self-efficacy analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58 (3), 472-486.
- Parent, G. (2008). Avantages et effets négatifs d’un système d’indemnisation des victimes d’actes criminels. Thèse doctorale, Université de Montréal, Montréal.
- Perkins, D. D., & Zimmerman, M. A. (1995). Empowerment theory, research and application. American Journal of Community Psychology, 23 (5), 569-579.
- Québec (1988). Loi sur l’aide aux victimes d’actes criminels. L.R.Q., c.A-13.2.
- Rappaport, J. (1981). In praise of Paradox : A Social Policy of Empowerment Over Prevention. American Journal of Community Psychology, 9, 1-25.
- Rappaport, J. (1987). Terms of empowerment/exemplars of prevention : towards a theory for community psychology. American Journal of Community Psychology, 15 (2), 121-145.
- Rappaport, J. (1995). Empowerment meets narrative : Listening to stories and creating settings. American Journal of Community Psychology, 23, 795-807.
- Resick, P. (1987). Psychological Effects of Victimization : Implications for the Criminal Justice System. Crime and Delinquency, 33 (4), 468-478.
- Sawyer, J. E. (1992). Goal and process clarity : Specification of multiple constructs of role ambiguity and a structural equation model of their antecedents and consequences. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77, 130-142.
- Seligman, M. E. P. (1975). Helplessness : On depression, development, and death. San Francisco : W. H. Freeman.
- Serrano-Garcia, I. (1984). The illusion of empowerment : Community development within colonial context. Prevention in human services, 3, 173-200.
- Shapland, J. (1986). Victim Assistance and the Criminal Justice System : The Victim’s Perspective. In E. A. Fattah (Ed.), From Crime Policy to Victim Policy : Reorienting the Justice System (218-233). Londres : Macmillan Press.
- Shapland, J., Willmore, J., & Duff, P. (1985). Victims in the Criminal Justice System. Aldershot : Grower Publishing.
- Shields, L. E. (1995). Women’s experience of the meaning of empowerment. Qualitative Health research, 5 (3), 15-35.
- Spreitzer, G. M. (1995a). Psychological empowerment in the workplace : dimensions, measurement, and validation. Academy of Management Journal, 38 (5), 1442-65.
- Spreitzer, G. M. (1995b). An empirical test of a comprehensive model of intrapersonal empowerment in the workplace. American Journal of Community Psychology, 23 (5), 601-629.
- Strang, H. (2004). Is Restorative Justice Imposing its Agenda on Victims ? In H. Zehr & B. Toews (Eds.), Critical Issues in Restorative Justice (95-105). New York : Criminal Justice Press.
- Swift, C., & Levin, G. (1987). Empowerment : An emerging mental health technology. Journal of primary prevention, 8, 71-94.
- Thompson, S. (1991). The search for meaning following a stroke. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 12, 81-96.
- Trickett, E. J., (1994). Where ecology and empowerment meet : Human diversity and community psychology. American Journal of Community Psychology, 22, 583-592.
- Tyler, T. (2000). Social Justice : Outcome and Procedure. International Journal of Psychology, 35 (2), 117-125.
- Wemmers, J. (1996). Victims in the Criminal Justice System. Amsterdam : Kugler.
- Wemmers, J., & Cyr, K. (2002). La justice réparatrice et les victimes d’actes criminels. Les cahiers de recherche criminologiques, 37. Montréal : Centre international de criminologie comparée, Université de Montréal.
- Wemmers, J., & Cyr, K. (2006). Les besoins des victimes dans le système de justice criminelle. Consulté le 6 août 2010, www.cicc.umontreal.ca/recherche/victimologie/besoins_victimes.pdf
- Zimmerman, M. A. (1990). Taking aim on empowerment research : On the distinction between individual and psychological conception. American Journal of Community Psychology, 18 (1), 169-177.
- Zimmerman, M. A. (1995). Psychological Empowerment : Issues and Illustrations. American Journal of Community Psychology, 23 (5), 581-599.
- Zimmerman, M. A. (2000). Empowerment Theory : Psychological, Organizational, and Community Levels of Analysis. In J. Rappaport & E. Seidman (Eds.), Handbook of Community Psychology (2nd ed., 43-64). New York : John Wiley.