Postglacial Development of Kazakhstan Pine Forests
Constantin V. Kremenetski
Pavel E. Tarasov
Aleksandr E. Cherkinsky
ABSTRACT
Fossil pollen records from two peatlands and two lakes in Kazakhstan provide radiocarbon-dated evidence of vegetation change since 13 000 BP. During the Lateglacial open spruce (Picea obovata) forests started spreading along river valleys and over the Kazakhstan Foothills. By 9500 BP, the southern limit of spruce approached its present-day position. Between 9500 and 8000 BP steppe and open birch forests formed the vegetation in the south of the West Siberian Lowland. Dry steppe and semi-desert were the main types of vegetation in north Kazakhstan. From 7000 to 5500 BP Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) expanded in Kazakhstan and reached its present day southern limit. Since 5500 BP pine has formed monospecific forests in the lrtysh-Semipalatinsk area and in the northern part of the Kazakhstan Foothills. By 5000 BP lime (Tilia cordata) penetrated into the northern part of the Kazakhstan Foothills. The ranges of oak (Quercus robur), elm (Ulmus glabra) and black alder (AInus glutinosa) also expanded. The period 4500-3600 BP was characterised by a drier and more continental climate. During that time, the forested area decreased. The ranges of broadleaved trees and alder were reduced. A phase of less continental climate occurred 3300-2800/ 2700 BP. By 1500 BP the present southern limit of Scots pine was established.
RÉSUMÉ
Développement postglaciaire des pinèdes au Kazakhstan
Les données palynologiques de quatre stations au Kazakhstan ont permis de reconstituer l'histoire de la végétation depuis 13 000 BP. Au Tardiglaciaire, des pessières claires à Picea obovata ont commencé à occuper les vallées des fleuves et les collines de Kazakhs. Vers 9500 BP la limite méridionale moderne de Picea obovata fut atteinte. Entre 9500-8000 BP les steppes et forêts claires de bouleaux (Betula alba) étaient répandues au sud de la Sibérie occidentale. Des steppes sèches et des semi-déserts constituaient alors la végétation du nord du Kazakhstan. Entre 7000 et 5500 BP, le pin sylvestre (Pinus sylvestris) s'est répandu au Kazakhstan jusqu'à sa limite méridionale actuelle. Depuis 5500 BP, Ie pin a constitué des forêts monospécifiques dans la région de Semipalatinsk-lrtysh et dans la partie septentrionale des collines de Kazakhs. Vers 5000 BP. Ie tilleul (Tilia cordata) fut présent dans la partie septentrionale des collines de Kazakhs. Les aires du chêne (Quercus robur), de l'orme (Ulmus glabra) et de l'aulne (AInus glutinosa) se sont étendues. Entre 4500 et 3600 BP, le climat est devenu plus sec et plus continental. L'aire de peuplement des forêts a diminué. La répartition des arbres aux larges feuilles et de l'aulne ont diminué. Un climat moins continental s'est instauré entre 3300 et 2800/2700 BP. Vers 1500 BP, la limite méridionale actuelle du pin s'est établie.
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
Postglaziale Entwicklung von Kiefernwäldern Kasachstans
Fossile Pollen-Belege von zwei Torfmooren und zwei Seen in Kasachstan liefern mittels Kohlenstoffdatierung den Nachweis einer Vegetationverànderung seit 13 000 v.u.Z. Im Spâtglazial begannen offene Fichtenwâlder (Picea obovata) sich entlang der Flusstâler und ùber die Gebirgsauslâufer Kasachstans auszubreiten. Um 9500 v.u.Z. bildeten Steppen und offene Birkenwàlder die Vegetation im Sùden des westsibirischen Tieflands. Trockene Steppen und Halbwùsten waren die hauptsàchlichen Vegetationstypen in Nord-Kasachstan. Von 7000 bis 5500 v.u.Z. breitete sich die Fôhre (Pinus silvestris L) in Kasachstan aus und erreichte ihre heutige sùdliche Grenze. Seit 5500 v.u.Z. hat die Kiefer monospezifische Wàlder im Irtysh-Semipalatinsk-Gebiet und im nôrdlichen Teil der Gebirgsauslâufer Kasachstans gebildet. Um 5000 v.u.Z. drang die Linde (Tilia cordata) in den nôrdlichen Teil der Gebirgsauslâufer Kasachstans ein. Die Ausdehnung von Eiche (Quercus robur), Ulme (Ulmus glabra) und Schwarzerle (AInus glutinosa) nahm auch zu. Die Zeit von 4500 - 3600 v.u.Z. zeichnete sich durch ein trockeneres und mehr kontinentales Klima aus. Wâhrend dieser Zeit nahm die bewaldete Zone ab. Das Vorkommen von grossblâttrigen Bàumen und Erlen nahm ab. Eine Phase weniger kontinentalen Klimas trat zwischen 3300 - 2800/2700 v.u.Z. ein. Um 1500 v.u.Z. war die gegenwârtige sùdliche Grenze der Fôhre etabliert.
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| Autores : | Constantin V. Kremenetski, Pavel E. Tarasov y Aleksandr E. Cherkinsky |
|---|---|
| Título : | Postglacial Development of Kazakhstan Pine Forests |
| Revista : | Géographie physique et Quaternaire, Volumen 51, número 3, 1997, p. 391-404 |
| URI : | http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/033138ar |
| DOI : | 10.7202/033138ar |
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