Abstracts
Résumé
Dans l’arrêt Rice c Cayetano, rendu en février 2000, la Cour suprême des États-Unis a déclaré inconstitutionnelle la mesure réservant le droit de voter aux élections des administrateurs du Bureau des affaires hawaiiennes seulement aux Hawaiians (c.-à-d. les descendants des personnes qui habitaient les îles hawaiiennes en 1778) et aux Native Hawaiians (c.-à-d. ceux d’entre eux qui ont cinquante pour cent de sang hawaiien). Selon la Cour suprême, cette mesure contrevient au Quinzième amendement de la Constitution des États-Unis d’Amérique, lequel prévoit que le droit des citoyens de voter ne doit pas être nié ou limité par les États-Unis d’Amérique ou l’un de ses États sur la base de la « race, de la couleur ou de toute autre caractéristique liée à la servitude ». Dans ce texte, les autrices se proposent d’examiner l’affaire Rice c Cayetano et ses effets sur le droit des peuples autochtones de s’autodéterminer à Hawaiʻi, ainsi que dans d’autres territoires du Pacifique sous contrôle états-unien, plus particulièrement à Guam et au Commonwealth des îles Mariannes du Nord. Rappelons qu’en 2016 et en 2017, en se fondant sur l’arrêt Rice, la United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit et la District Court of Guam – dont la décision a été confirmée par la Cour suprême des États-Unis – ont déclaré inconstitutionnelles des mesures adoptées par le Commonwealth des îles Mariannes du Nord et par Guam, lesquelles réservaient, dans certaines circonstances, le droit de voter aux descendants des premiers habitants de ces deux territoires. Or, tant à Hawaiʻi qu’au Commonwealth des îles Mariannes du Nord et à Guam, la capacité des peuples autochtones de s’autodéterminer est intimement liée à celle de s’auto-identifier.
Mots-clés :
- Droit,
- États-Unis d’Amérique,
- autodétermination,
- identité,
- peuples autochtones,
- Hawaiiens,
- Chamorros,
- Hawaiʻi,
- Guam,
- Îles Mariannes du Nord
Abstract
In Rice v. Cayetano, rendered in February 2000, the Supreme Court of the United States decided that reserving the right to vote to “Hawaiians” (i.e., all persons who are descendants of people inhabiting the Hawaiian Islands in 1778) and “Native Hawaiians” (i.e., those of at least fifty percent Hawaiian ancestry) for the election of the Office of Hawaiian Affairs trustees was unconstitutional. The Supreme Court decided that this measure was contrary to the Fifteenth Amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America (USA). This provision declares that the “right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the USA or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude”. In their text, the authors intend to discuss the Rice decision and its impact on the right of Indigenous peoples to self-determination in Hawaiʻi and, in other Pacific islands under American control, such as Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. For instance, in 2016 and 2017, two Commonwealth Northern Mariana Islands and Guam laws, respectively reserving the right to vote to those of “Northern Marianas descent” and to “Native inhabitants of Guam”, were declared unconstitutional by the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit and by the District Court of Guam (appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court rejected), following, in both cases, the Rice decision. In Hawaiʻi, in Guam and in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, the capacity of Indigenous peoples to self-determine is intrinsically linked to their capacity to self-identity.
Keywords:
- Law,
- United States of America,
- self-determination,
- identity,
- Indigenous peoples,
- Hawaiians,
- Chamorros,
- Hawaiʻi,
- Guam,
- Northern Mariana Islands
Appendices
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