Abstracts
Abstract
The author of this paper questions the role of the experts in heritage policies and practices. Is the voice of the heritage expert now guided by the vox populi? The current evidence for these trends, long considered anathema to heritage purists, suggests that an epoch-making change in heritage practice is now underway. The announcement of a Memorandum of Understanding between the World Bank and UNESCO to provide “very positive input for the improvement of aid effectiveness, and make the most of culture as a motor for social development and poverty alleviation, through employment and job creation” and the theme of the 17th ICOMOS General Assembly, “Heritage, a Driver of Development” are both clear indications of a pressing new concern: that heritage contribute to the economic – not only cultural – well-being of contemporary society. No less significant is the emphasis on public rights and responsibilities in the formulation of heritage policy, once the exclusive prerogative of antiquarians and professional conservators. This turn to the public as full-fledged heritage stakeholders is expressed clearly by the Council of Europe’s Framework Convention on the Value of Cultural Heritage for Society (2005) and the efforts of UNESCO to promote the active participation – and economic advancement – of traditional practitioners of intangible cultural heritage.
Résumé
L’auteur de cet article interroge le rôle des experts des politiques et pratiques patrimoniales. La voix de l’expert est-elle désormais celle de la vox populi ? Les indices actuels de cette tendance, longtemps considérée comme un anathème par les puristes du patrimoine, indiquent qu’un changement quasiment historique est à l’oeuvre dans la pratique patrimoniale. L’annonce d’un « Mémorandum d’accord » entre la Banque mondiale et l’UNESCO pour procurer « des contributions très positives pour améliorer l’efficacité de l’aide et faire de l’ensemble de la culture un moteur du développement social et de l’allègement de la pauvreté au moyen de la création d’emplois », ainsi que le thème de la 17e Assemblée générale de l’ICOMOS, « Le patrimoine, moteur de développement », constituent deux claires indications d’une nouvelle et pressante préoccupation, à savoir que le patrimoine doit contribuer au bien-être économique, et non plus seulement culturel, de la société contemporaine. L’insistance sur les droits et responsabilités du public dans l’élaboration de la politique patrimoniale est également significative, celle-ci ayant toujours été la prérogative exclusive des professionnels du domaine. L’intégration du public en tant que partie prenante à part entière du patrimoine est clairement exprimée par la Convention-cadre du Conseil de l’Europe sur la valeur du patrimoine culturel pour la société (2005) et par les efforts de l’UNESCO de promouvoir la participation active – et le progrès économique – des praticiens traditionnels du patrimoine culturel immatériel.
Appendices
References
- Araoz, Gustavo F., 2011, “Preserving Heritage Places under a New Paradigm.” Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development 1(1): 55-60.
- Ashurst, John, 2007, Conservation of Ruins. Amsterdam and London: Elsevier/Butterworth-Heinemann.
- Ashworth, G. J., Brian Graham and J. E. Tunbridge, 2007, Pluralising Pasts: Heritage, Identity and Place in Multicultural Societies. London and Ann Arbor: Pluto Press.
- Avrami, Erica, Randall Mason and Marta de la Torre, 2000, Values and Heritage Conservation. Getty Research Report. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute.
- Bandarin, Francesco, Jyoti Hosagrahar and Frances Sailer Albernaz, 2011, “Why Development Needs Culture.” Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development 1(1): 15-25.
- Barthel-Bouchier, Diane L., 2012, Cultural Heritage and the Challenge of Sustainability. Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press.
- Bendix, Regina, 1997, In Search of Authenticity: The Formation of Folklore Studies. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
- Blake, Janet, 2000, “On Defining the Cultural Heritage.” International & Comparative Law Quarterly 49(1): 61-85.
- Borwick, Doug and Barbara Schaffer Bacon, 2012, Building Communities, Not Audiences: The Future of the Arts in the United States. Winston-Salem, N.C.: ArtsEngaged.
- Butler, Richard and Thomas Hinch, 2007, Tourism and Indigenous Peoples: Issues and Implications. Amsterdam: Elsevier /Butterworth-Heinemann.
- Caserta, Silvia and Antonio Paolo Russo, 2002, “More Means Worse: Asymmetric Information, Spatial Displacement and Sustainable Heritage Tourism.” Journal of Cultural Economics 26(4): 245-260.
- Clark, Kate (ed.), 2006, Capturing the Public Value of Heritage. London: English heritage.
- Da Costa, Dia, 2010, “Introduction: Relocating Culture in Development and Development in Culture.” Third World Quarterly 31(4): 501-522.
- Council of Europe, 2005, Faro Convention - Council of Europe Framework Convention on the Value of Cultural Heritage for Society.
- Cowen, Tyler, 2002, Creative Destruction: How Globalization Is Changing the World’s Cultures. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Diduck, Alan, 1999, “Critical Education in Resource and Environmental Management: Learning and Empowerment for a Sustainable Future.” Journal of Environmental Management 57(2): 85–97.
- Dietler, Michael, 1994, “‘Our Ancestors the Gauls’: Archaeology, Ethnic Nationalism, and the Manipulation of Celtic Identity in Modern Europe.” American Anthropologist 96(3): 584–605.
- Dinçer, Iclal, 2011, “The Impact of Neoliberal Policies on Historic Urban Space: Areas of Urban Renewal in Istanbul.” International Planning Studies 16(1): 43-60.
- Ertman, Martha and Joan Williams, 2005, “Freedom, Equality, and the Many Futures of Commodification.” In Martha Ertman and Joan Williams (eds.), Rethinking Commodification: Cases and Readings in Law and Culture: 1-7. New York: NYU Press.
- Feltault, Kelly, 2006, “Development Folklife: Human Security and Cultural Conservation.” Journal of American Folklore 119(471): 90-110.
- Galla, Amareswar, 2013, World Heritage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Glassberg, David, 1990, American Historical Pageantry: The Uses of Tradition in the Early Twentieth Century. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
- Gracia, Jorge J. E, 2003, Old Wine in New Skins the Role of Tradition in Communication, Knowledge, and Group Identity. Milwaukee: Marquette University Press.
- Grenville, Jane, 2007, “Conservation as Psychology: Ontological Security and the Built Environment.” International Journal of Heritage Studies 13(6): 447-461.
- Gustafson, Per, 2001, “Roots and Routes: Exploring the Relationship between Place Attachment and Mobility.” Environment and Behavior 33(5): 667-686.
- Hampton, Mark P., 2005, “Heritage, Local Communities and Economic Development.” Annals of Tourism Research 32(3): 735-759.
- Herzfeld, Michael, 2010, “Engagement, Gentrification, and the Neoliberal Hijacking of History.” Current Anthropology 51(S2): S259-S267.
- Jokilehto, Jukka, 1999, A History of Architectural Conservation. Oxford and Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann.
- Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, Barbara, 2004, “Intangible Heritage as Metacultural Production.” Museum International 56(1-2): 52–65.
- Labadi, Sophia, 2008, Evaluating the Socio-Economic Impacts of Selected Regenerated Heritage Sites in Europe. Amsterdam: European Cultural Foundation.
- Labadi, Sophia and Colin Long, 2010, Heritage and Globalisation. New York: Routledge.
- Larsen, Knut Einar, 1995, Nara Conference on Authenticity in Relation to the World Heritage Convention. Paris: UNESCO, ICOMOS, ICCROM.
- Levine, Lawrence, 1988, Highbrow/Lowbrow: The Emergence of Cultural Hierarchy in America. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
- Licciardi, Guido and Rana Amirtahmasebi, 2012, The Economics of Uniqueness: Investing in Historic City Cores and Cultural Heritage Assets for Sustainable Development. Washington: World Bank Publications.
- Mason, Randall, 2008, “Be Interested and Beware: Joining Economic Valuation and Heritage Conservation.” International Journal of Heritage Studies 14(4): 303-318.
- Matsuda, Matt K., 1996, The Memory of the Modern. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Misiura, Shashi, 2006, Heritage Marketing. Oxford and Burlington: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.
- Mouton, Benjamin, 2013, Heritage, Driver of Development: Rising to the Challenge. Paris: ICOMOS.
- Perkin, Corinne, 2010, “Beyond the Rhetoric: Negotiating the Politics and Realising the Potential of Community-Driven Heritage Engagement.” International Journal of Heritage Studies 16(1-2): 107-122.
- Petzet, Michael, 2010, International Principles of Preservation. Berlin: Bäßler.
- Porter, Libby and Kate Shaw, 2013, Whose Urban Renaissance?: An International Comparison of Urban Regeneration Strategies. London: Routledge.
- Ruiz-Ballesteros, E. and M. Hernandez-Ramirez, 2010, “Tourism That Empowers?: Commodification and Appropriation in Ecuador’s Turismo Comunitario.” Critique of Anthropology 30(2): 201-229.
- Rypkema, Donovan D., 2012, “Economics and Historic Preservation.” Forum Journal 27(1): 46-54.
- Scott, James C., 1998, Seeing like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. New Haven: Yale University Press.
- Silberman, Neil A., 2007 “Sustainable Heritage? Public Archaeological Interpretation and the Marketed Past.” In Yannis Hamilakis and Philip Duke (eds.), Archaeology and Capitalism. From Ethics to Politics: 179-193. Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press.
- Silberman, Neil A., 2013, “Discourses of Development: Narratives of Cultural Heritage as an Economic Resource.” In Russell Staif, Robyn Bushell and Steve Watson (eds.), Heritage and Tourism: Place, Encounter, Engagement: 213-225. London: Routledge.
- Smith, Laurajane, 2006, Uses of Heritage. London and New York: Routledge.
- Starn, Randolph, 2002, “Authenticity and Historic Preservation: Towards an Authentic History.” History of the Human Sciences 15(1): 1–16.
- Throsby, David, 1999, “Cultural Capital.” Journal of Cultural Economics 23(1-2): 3–12.
- UNESCO Media Services, 2013, “Intangible Cultural Heritage: A Force for Sustainable Development.” http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/in-focus-articles/intangible-cultural-heritage-for-sustainable-development, accessed January 2, 2014.
- UNESCOPRESS, 2009, “World Bank and UNESCO: Expanding Opportunities for Collaboration on Culture and Sustainable Development.” http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/world_bank_and_unesco_expanding_opportunities_for_collaboration_on_culture_and_sustainable_development/#.UsNBmkqyqtU, accessed December 31, 2013.
- Van Oers, Ron, 2008, “Sleeping with the Enemy? Private Sector Involvement in World Heritage Preservation.” Paper presented at the Xth World Congress of the Organization of World Heritage Cities, Quito.
- West, Patricia, 1999, Domesticating History: The Political Origins of America’s House Museums. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.