Abstracts
Abstract
This article first considers the process of competitive liberalization, which has driven the trend toward free trade and which has contributed to further integration of world economies. It illustrates that the trading system is highly competitive, with nations from North America, Europe and Asia seeking to sustain economic growth through greater reliance on export trade and through MNCs’ global value chains of production. The first section emphasizes that regionalism has strengthened worldwide, with the major economic players tending to focus on regional agreements, and more recently, on bilateral agreements. Next, the article discusses regionalization patterns, with an emphasis on the integration taking place in Asia. The major trade bloc in the region, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), is focusing on increased integration into the global economy. In recent years, it has been promoting trade agreements with Japan, South Korea, and the emerging Asian countries of China and India, among others. Therefore, the article considers whether a new economic pole is emerging in Asia. Last, the difficulties in concluding the Doha Development Round of World Trade Organization (WTO) negotiations and the stalling of those negotiations from July 2006 to February 2007 point to an urgent need for global governance and supportive institutions. This article looks at critical issues in the global system, such as full participation of all players (particularly emerging and developing countries) in the decision-making process of international institutions, and the pursuit of sustainable development. Also, the impact of different cultures of trade will be important factors to consider in order to understand the emerging new world order.
Résumé
Dans un premier temps, cet article retrace le processus de libéralisation concurrentielle qui tendait vers le libre commerce et une intégration accrue de l’économie mondiale. Il met en évidence que le système de commerce est hautement compétitif avec des pays nord-américains, européens et asiatiques essayant d’augmenter leur croissance économique par le biais du commerce international. Il souligne l’essor du régionalisme soutenu par les économies principales avec une tendance récente aux accords bilatéraux. Dans un deuxième temps, l’article analyse plus particulièrement les structures de régionalisation en mettant l’accent sur l’évolution en Asie. L’accord principal dans la région, ASEAN, vise une intégration accrue dans l’économie mondiale, permettant ainsi de poser la question de savoir si nous assistons à l’émergence d’un nouveau (troisième) pôle économique mondial. Enfin, l’article souligne le besoin urgent d’une gouvernance mondiale soutenue par des institutions appropriées, étant donné l’impasse dans laquelle se trouve le cycle de Doha. Il faut s’assurer d’une participation équitable de tous les pays concernés et de leur développement durable. La prise en considération des différences entre les cultures de commerce régionales sera cruciale pour l’accomplissement d’une telle stratégie.
Zusammenfassung
Der vorliegende Aufsatz untersucht den Prozess konkurrierender Marktliberalisierung, der in Richtung globalen Freihandels und zunehmender ökonomischer Integration treibt. Dabei wird der hochkompetitive Charakter des Handelssystems deutlich, in dem nordamerikanische, europäische und asiatische Länder ökonomisches Wachstum durch verstärkten Außenhandel und über die Wertschöpfungsketten von multinationalen Konzernen herbeizuführen suchen. Im ersten Abschnitt wird gezeigt, dass sich die regionale Integration weltweit verstärkt, wobei die jeweiligen Hauptakteure auf multilaterale, in jüngster Zeit auch verstärkt bilaterale Abkommen setzen. Im nächsten Abschnitt werden Formen der Regionalisierung untersucht unter besonderer Berücksichtigung Asiens. Das wichtigste Handelsabkommen in der Region, ASEAN, strebt eine verstärkte Weltmarktintegration an. In jüngerer Zeit hat es insbesondere Abkommen mit Japan, Südkorea und den Schwellenländern Indien und China vorangetrieben. Infolgedessen geht der Artikel der Frage nach, inwieweit in Asien ein neues Welthandelszentrum entsteht. Abschließend werden die Schwierigkeiten der Doha-Runde und ihr derzeitiger Stillstand als Ausdruck des dringenden Erfordernisses globaler Governance und diese stützender Institutionen gewertet. Der Beitrag untersucht kritische Punkte des globalen Systems wie etwa die volle und gleichberechtigte Teilnahme aller Handelspartner inclusive der Schwellen- und Entwicklungsländer am Entscheidungsprozess der internationalen Institutionen oder die Verfolgung des Ziels nachhaltiger Entwicklung. Des weiteren darf die Bedeutung der Unterschiede in den verschiedenen Handelskulturen nicht verkannt werden, soll es zu einem besseren Verständnis des internationalen Handels kommen.
Appendices
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