Abstracts
Abstract
Twenty-four new radiocarbon dates from isolation basin cores, excavations and natural exposures, and an archeological site, constrain relative sea-level change since the last glaciation in the northern Strait of Georgia, British Columbia. Relative sea level fell rapidly from about 150 m elevation to 45 m elevation from 11 750 to 11 000 BP (13 750 to 13 000 cal BP), then its rate of fall slowed. The initial rapid emergence began soon after the transition from proximal to distal glaciomarine sedimentation, when the glacial front retreated from the Strait of Georgia and the Earth’s surface was unloaded. A sea-level lowstand a few metres below present-day sea level may have occurred in the early Holocene, but sea level was near its present level by 2000 BP. Sea-level change in the northern Strait of Georgia lagged the mid Strait of Georgia, 80 km to the south, by a few hundred years during initial emergence. The lowstand in the northern strait was later and probably shallower than in the mid strait. Isostatic depression inferred from the sea-level observations can be fit with two decaying exponential terms with characteristic decay times of 500 and 2600 years. The faster decay time corresponds to a shallow mantle viscosity of about 1019 Pa s, consistent with previous glacio-isostatic modelling. The present-day crustal uplift rate from the residual isostatic effects of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet is about 0.25 mm/a. Crustal uplift is not expected to significantly ameliorate projected sea-level rise in the mid and northern Strait of Georgia because present-day vertical crustal movements are inferred to be small.
Résumé
Vingt-quatre nouvelles dates au 14C provenant de carottes sédimentaires de bassins isolés, d’excavations, de coupes naturellement exposées et archéologiques permettent de cerner les changements du niveau marin relatif depuis la dernière glaciation dans la partie nord du détroit de Géorgie, en Colombie-Britannique. Le niveau marin relatif a rapidement passé de 150 m à 45 m d’altitude entre 11 750 et 11 000 ans BP (13 750-13 000 cal. BP), le taux d’abaissement ayant ralenti par la suite. L’émersion initiale rapide correspond à la fin de la sédimentation glaciomarine distale qui accompagnait le retrait du front glaciaire. Un bas niveau de quelques mètres sous le niveau actuel a pu s’instaurer durant l’Holocène inférieur, jusqu’en 2000 ans BP. Au début, le soulèvement isostatique a accusé un retard de quelques siècle sur celui de la zone du détroit à 80 km plus au sud. Le bas niveau de la partie nord du détroit est survenu plus tard et fut moins prononcé. Les données indiquent un enfoncement isostatique de type exponentiel avec des constantes de désintégration de 500 et de 2600 ans 14C. Le taux le plus rapide correspond à une viscosité du manteau terrestre d’environ 1019 Pa s, ce qui concorde avec les résultats de la modélisation glacio-isostatique. Le taux de soulèvement glacio-isostatique actuel résultant de l’inlandsis de la Cordillère s’établit à environ 0,25 mm/a. Ce taux ne peut contrer les effets du rehaussement du niveau marin prévu pour cette région en raison des faibles mouvements de la croûte terrestre qui y sont envisagés.
Appendices
References
- Barrie, J.V. and Conway, K.W., 2002a. Rapid sea-level change and coastal evolution on the Pacific margin of Canada. Sedimentary Geology, 150: 171-183.
- Barrie, J.V. and Conway, K.W., 2002b. Contrasting glacial sedimentation processes and sea-level changes in two adjacent basins on the Pacific margin of Canada, p. 181-194. In J.A. Dowdeswell and C.O. Cofaigh, ed., Glacier-influenced Sedimentation on High-Latitude Continental Margins. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 203, 352 p.
- Canadian Hydrographic Service, 2001. Canadian Tide and Current Tables, Discovery Passage and West Coast of Vancouver Island, vol. 6. Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ottawa, 150 p.
- Clague, J.J., 1981. Late Quaternary Geology and Geochronology of British Columbia Part 2: Summary and Discussion of Radiocarbon-Dated Quaternary History. Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Paper 80-35.
- Clague, J.J., 1989. Cordilleran ice sheet. In R.J. Fulton, ed., Chapter 1 of Quaternary Geology of Canada and Greenland. Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Geology of Canada no. 1.
- Clague, J.J., Harper, J.R., Hebda, R.J. and Howes, D.E., 1982. Late Quaternary sea levels and crustal movements, coastal British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciencs, 19: 597-618.
- Clague, J.J. and James, T.S., 2002. History and isostatic effects of the last ice sheet in southern British Columbia. Quaternary Science Reviews, 21: 71-88.
- Fairbanks, R.G., 1989. A 17,000-year glacio-eustatic sea level record: influence of glacial melting rates on the Younger Dryas event and deep-ocean circulation. Nature, 342: 637-642.
- Fluck, P., Hyndman, R.D. and Wang, K., 1997. Three-dimensional dislocation model for great earthquakes of the Cascadia subduction zone. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102: 20539-20550.
- Guilbault, J.-P., Barrie, J.V., Conway, K., Lapointe, M. and Radi, T., 2003. Paleoenvironments of the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia during the last deglaciation: microfaunal and microfloral evidence. Quaternary Science Reviews, 22: 839-857.
- Hart, B.S. and Long, B.F., 1996. Forced regressions and lowstand deltas: Holocene Canadian examples. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 66: 820-829.
- Hetherington, R., Barrie, J.V., Reid, R.G.B., MacLeod, R., Smith, D.J., James, T.S. and Kung, R., 2003. Late Pleistocene coastal paleogeography of the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, Canada, and its implications for terrestrial biogeography and early postglacial human occupation. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 40: 1755-1766.
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2001. Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis, J.T. Houghton, Y. Ding, D.J. Griggs, M. Noguer, P.J. van der Linden, X. Dai, K. Maskell, C.A. Johnson, ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 881 p.
- Hutchinson, I., James, T.S., Clague, J.J., Barrie, J.V. and Conway, K.W., 2004a. Reconstruction of late Quaternary sea-level change in southwestern British Columbia from sediments in isolation basins. Boreas, 33: 183-194.
- Hutchinson, I., James, T.S., Reimer, P.J., Bornhold, B.D. and Clague, J.J., 2004b. Marine and limnic radiocarbon reservoir corrections for studies of late- and postglacial environments in Georgia Basin and Puget Lowland, British Columbia, Canada, and Washington, USA. Quaternary Research, 61: 193-203.
- Hughen, K.A. and 26 others, 2004. Marine04: marine radiocarbon age calibration, 26-0 ka BP. Radiocarbon, 46: 1059-1086.
- Hyndman, R.D. and Lewis, T.J., 1995. Review: the thermal regime along the southern Canadian Cordillera Lithoprobe corridor. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 32: 1611-1617.
- James, T.S., Clague, J.J., Wang, K. and Hutchinson, I., 2000. Postglacial rebound at the northern Cascadia subduction zone. Quaternary Science Reviews, 19: 1527-1541.
- James, T.S., Hutchinson, I. and Clague, J.J., 2002. Improved relative sea-level histories for Victoria and Vancouver, British Columbia, from isolation-basin coring. Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Current Research 2002-A16, 7 p.
- Josenhans, H., Fedje, D., Pienitz, R. and Southon, J., 1997. Early humans and rapidly changing Holocene sea levels in the Queen Charlotte Islands-Hecate Strait, British Columbia, Canada. Science, 277: 71-74.
- Lambert, A., Courtier, N., and James, T.S., 2006. Long-term monitoring by absolute gravimetry: Tides to postglacial rebound. Journal of Geodynamics, 41: 307-317.
- Luternauer, J.L., Clague, J.J., Conway, K.W., Barrie, J.V., Blaise, B. and Mathewes, R.W., 1989. Late Pleistocene terrestrial deposits on the continental shelf of western Canada: evidence for rapid sea-level change at the end of the last glaciation. Geology, 17: 357-360.
- Mathewes, R.W., Heusser, L.E. and Patterson, R.T., 1993. Evidence for a Younger Dryas-like cooling event on the British Columbia coast. Geology, 21: 101-104.
- Mathews, D., 2003. Excavations of EaSf‑36: mitigative data recovery of strata Lot B, Plan VIS3115, Cortes Island, BC. British Columbia Archeology Branch, Victoria, 91 p.
- Mathews, W.H., Fyles, J.G. and Nasmith, H.W., 1970. Postglacial crustal movements in southwestern British Columbia and adjacent Washington State, Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 7: 690-702.
- McCammon, J.W., 1977. Surficial geology and sand and gravel deposits of Sunshine Coast, Powell River, and Campbell River Areas. British Columbia Ministry of Mines and Petroleum Resources, Bulletin 65, 36 p.
- Milne, G.A., Mitrovica, J.X. and Schrag, D.P., 2002. Estimating past continental ice volume from sea-level data. Quaternary Science Reviews, 21: 361-376.
- Mosher, D.C. and Hewitt, A.T., 2004. Late Quaternary deglaciation and sea-level history of eastern Juan de Fuca Strait, Cascadia. Quaternary International, 121: 23-39.
- Peltier, W.R., 1985. The LAGEOS constraint on deep mantle viscosity: results from a new normal mode method for the inversion of viscoelastic relaxation spectra. Journal of Geophysical Research, 90: 9411-9421.
- Ranalli, G., 1995. Rheology of the Earth, 2nd edition. Chapman and Hall, London, 413 p.
- Reasoner, M.A., 1993. Equipment and procedure improvements for a lightweight, inexpensive, percussion core sampling system. Journal of Paleolimnology, 8: 273-281.
- Reimer, P.J. and 28 others, 2004. IntCal04: terrestrial radiocarbon age calibration, 26-0 ka BP. Radiocarbon, 46: 1029-1058.
- Sims, P.A., ed., 1996. An Atlas of British Diatoms. Biopress Limited, Bristol, 601 p.
- Stuiver, M. and P.J. Reimer, 1993. Extended 14C database and revised CALIB radiocarbon calibration program. Radiocarbon, 35: 215-230.
- Thorson, R.M., 1989. Glacio-isostatic response of the Puget Sound area, Washington. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 101: 1163-1174.
- Turcotte, D.L. and Schubert, G., 2002. Geodynamics, 2nd edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 456 p.
- van Dam, H., Mertens, A. and Sinkeldam, J., 1994. A coded checklist and ecological indicator values of freshwater diatoms from the Netherlands. Netherlands Journal of Aquatic Ecology, 28: 117-133.
- Wang, K., He, J., Dragert, H. and James, T.S., 2001. Three-dimensional viscoelastic interseismic deformation model for the Cascadia subduction zone. Earth Planets Space, 53: 295-306.
- Witkowski, A., Lange-Bertalot, H. and Metzelin, D., 2000. Diatom flora of marine coasts I. Iconographia diatomologica, 7. Gantner Verlag, Ruggell, 925 p.