Abstracts
Abstract
This paper describes the functionality, scalability, and cost of implementing and maintaining a suite of open source technologies, which have supported hundreds of thousands of learners in the past year, on an information technology infrastructure budget of less than US$10,000 per year. In addition, it reviews pedagogical opportunities offered by a fully open digital learning ecosystem, as well as benefits for learners and educators alike.
The Open Education Resource universitas (OERu) is an international consortium made up of 36 publicly funded institutions and the OER Foundation. The OERu currently offers first-year postsecondary courses through OER-based micro-courses with pathways to gain stackable micro-credentials, convertible to academic credit toward recognised university qualifications. The OERu, adhering to open principles (Wiley, 2014b), has created an open source Next Generation Digital Learning Ecosystem (NGDLE) to meet the needs of learners, consortium partners, and OERu collaborators. The NGDLE—a distributed, loosely coupled component model, consisting entirely of free and open source software (FOSS)—is a global computing infrastructure created to reach learners wherever they are. All OERu services are hosted on commodity FOSS infrastructure, conferring significant advantages and creating opportunities for institutions adopting any of these services to enhance education opportunities at minimal cost. The NGDLE can also increase technological autonomy and resilience while providing exceptional learning opportunities and agency for learners and educators alike.
Keywords:
- open source,
- learning environment,
- ecosystem,
- OER,
- equity,
- ICT
Download the article in PDF to read it. Download
Appendices
Bibliography
- Baule, S. (2019, April 9). From LMS to NGDLE: The acronyms of the future of online learning. ECampus News. https://www.ecampusnews.com/2019/04/09/lms-ngdle-future-online-learning/Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Blomgren, C. (2018). OER awareness and use: The affinity between higher education and K-12. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 19(2), 55-70. https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v19i2.343110.19173/irrodl.v19i2.3431 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Bossu, C. M. & Willems, J. (2017). OER based capacity building to overcome staff equity and access issues in higher education. In H. Partridge, K. Davis, & J. Thomas. (Eds.), Proceedings ASCILITE2017: 34th International Conference on Innovation, Practice and Research in the Use of Educational Technologies in Tertiary Education (pp. 22-26). University of Southern Queensland. http://ecite.utas.edu.au/122672/1/122672%20-%20OER%20based%20capacity%20building%20to%20overcome%20staff%20equity%20and%20access%20issues%20in%20higher%20education.pdfGoogle Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Brooks, D.C., & Pomerantz, J. (2017). ECAR study of undergraduate students and information technology, 2017. EDUCAUSE Center for Analysis and Research. https://library.educause.edu/-/media/files/library/2017/10/studentitstudy2017.pdfGoogle Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Brown, M. (2017, July 3). The NGDLE: We are the architects. EDUCAUSE Review.Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Brown, M., Dehoney, J., & Millichap, N. (2015). The next generation digital learning environment: A report on research. EDUCAUSE Learning Initiative. https://library.educause.edu/-/media/files/library/2015/4/eli3035-pdf.pdfGoogle Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Caniglia, G., Luederitz, C., Groß, M., Muhr, M., John, B., Withycombe Keeler, L., & Lang, D. (2017). Transnational collaboration for sustainability in higher education: Lessons from a systematic review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 168, 764-779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.07.25610.1016/j.jclepro.2017.07.256 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Catalyst Cloud. (n.d.). Welcome to true cloud computing. Retrieved April 14, 2021, from https://catalystcloud.nz/Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Chib, A., & Wardoyo, R. J. (2018). Differential OER impacts of formal and informal ICTs: Employability of female migrant workers. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 19(3), 94-113. https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v19i3.353810.19173/irrodl.v19i3.3538 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Conde, M. Á., García-Peñalvo, F. J., Rodríguez-Conde, M. J., Alier, M., Casany, M. J., & Piguillem, J. (2014). An evolving learning management system for new educational environments using 2.0 tools. Interactive Learning Environments, 22(2), 184-204. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2012.74543310.1080/10494820.2012.745433 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Cooper-Taylor, C., & Mackintosh, W. (2018a). OERu learner support: Studying courses - Course annotations. WikiEducator. https://wikieducator.org/OERu_learner_support/Studying_courses/Course_annotationsGoogle Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Cooper-Taylor, C., & Mackintosh, W. (2018b). OERu learner support: Studying courses - Course bookmarks. WikiEducator. https://wikieducator.org/OERu_learner_support/Studying_courses/Course_bookmarksGoogle Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Cullinan, C., Sutton, S. G., & Arnold, V. (2010). Technology monoculture: ERP systems, “techno-process diversity” and the threat to the information technology ecosystem. In V. Arnold (Ed.), Advances in Accounting Behavioral Research (Vol. 13, pp. 13-30). Emerald Group Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1475-1488(2010)000001300510.1108/s1475-1488(2010)0000013005 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Deadly embrace. (2000, March 30). The Economist. https://www.economist.com/business/2000/03/30/deadly-embraceGoogle Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Deane-McKenna, C. (2017, May 13). NHS ransomware cyber-attack was preventable. The Conversation. http://theconversation.com/nhs-ransomware-cyber-attack-was-preventable-77674Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Discourse. (n.d.). What is discourse? Retrieved April 14, 2021, from https://www.discourse.org/aboutGoogle Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- EDUCAUSE Learning Initiative. (2015, December 9). 7 things you should know about NGDLE. Educause. https://library.educause.edu/-/media/files/library/2015/12/eli7127-pdf.pdfGoogle Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- European Commission. (n.d.). Data protection under GDPR. Your Europe. Retrieved April 19, 2021, from https://europa.eu/youreurope/business/dealing-with-customers/data-protection/data-protection-gdpr/index_en.htm10.1093/oso/9780198826491.003.0113 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Free Software Foundation (1996-2021). What is free software? GNU Operating System. https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.htmlGoogle Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- García-Holgado, A., & García-Peñalvo, F. J. (2018). Human interaction in learning ecosystems based on open source solutions. In P. Zaphiris & A. Ioannou (Eds.), Learning and collaboration technologies: Design, development and technological innovation (Vol. 10924, pp. 218-232). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91743-6_1710.1007/978-3-319-91743-6_17 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Hypothes.is. (n.d.). Annotate the web, with anyone, anywhere. Retrieved April 14, 2021, from https://web.hypothes.is/Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- King, M., Pegrum, M., & Forsey, M. (2018). MOOCs and OER in the global south: Problems and potential. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 19(5), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v19i5.374210.19173/irrodl.v19i5.3742 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Lane, D. (2017, August 24). WikiEducator Notes: OERu’s course feedaggregation and messaging system [Blogpost]. Retrieved from OERu Technology website:https://tech.oeru.org/wikieducator-notes-oerus-course-feed-aggregation-and-messaging-systemGoogle Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Lane, D. (2017, March 23). Installing Mautic with PHP7-FPM on Docker, Nginx, and MariaDB on Ubuntu 16.04. Retrieved June 19, 2019, from OERu Technology Blog website: https://tech.oeru.org/installing-mautic-php7-fpm-docker-nginx-and-mariadb-ubuntu-1604Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Lin, H. (2019). From paper to digital: Undergraduate students’ perceptions with open educational resources. In K. Graziano (Ed.), Proceedings of Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference (pp. 1207-1215). Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education. https://www.learntechlib.org/p/207798Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Lopes, V., & Porter, D. (2018). Shifting perceptions, changing practice: Ontario Extend. eCampusOntario (Ontario Online Learning Consortium). https://extend.ecampusontario.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018-01-11-shifting-perceptions-changing-practice-research-report-en-v1-1.pdfGoogle Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Maas, B., Abel, R., Suess, J., & O’Brien, J. (2016, June). Next-generation digital learning environments: Closer than you think! [Paper presentation]. EUNIS 2016: Crossroads where the past meets the future, Thessaloniki, Greece. http://www.eunis.org/eunis2016/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2016/03/EUNIS2016_paper_4.pdfGoogle Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Mackintosh, W., & Cooper-Taylor, C. (2018a). OERu learner support: Studying courses—Course forums. WikiEducator. https://wikieducator.org/OERu_learner_support/Studying_courses/Course_forumsGoogle Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Mackintosh, W., & Cooper-Taylor, C. (2018b). OERu learner support: Studying courses—Mastodon. WikiEducator. https://wikieducator.org/OERu_learner_support/Studying_courses/MastodonGoogle Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Mackintosh, W., & Tittsler, J. (2013). Microblogging with WEnotes. WikiEducator. http://wikieducator.org/Microblogging/Microblogging_with_WEnotesGoogle Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Mastodon. (n.d.). Social networking, back in your hands. Retrieved April 15, 2021, from https://joinmastodon.org/Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Mautic Community. (2020). Mautic community: Supporting the world’s largest open-source marketing automation project. https://www.mautic.org/Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Melnikova, J., Zaščerinska, J., Ahrens, A., Hariharan, R., Clipa, O., Sowinska-Milewska, D., & Andreeva, N. (2017). A comparative study of educators’ views on advantages and disadvantages of open educational resources in higher education. In Society. Integration. Education: Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference (Vol. 1, pp. 294-304). https://doi.org/10.17770/sie2017vol1.236210.17770/sie2017vol1.2362 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Menon, M., & Bhandigadi, P. (2018). A study on cost-efficiency and quality of OER integrated course materials. IDRC Digital Library.Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Misra, P. K. (2018). Lifelong mathematics learning for adult learners and open educational resources. In K. Safford-Ramus, J. Maaß, & E. Süss-Stepancik (Eds.), Contemporary research in adult and lifelong learning of mathematics: International perspectives (pp. 269-283). Springer.10.1007/978-3-319-96502-4 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Morgan, G., Moskal, P., Wolf, A., Dziuban, C., McMartin, F., & Morrill, J. (2012, April). Understanding student use of digital learning resources [Paper presentation]. 9th Annual Sloan Consortium Blended Learning Conference & Workshop, Milwaukee, WI. https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/30762/sloan-conf-2012-morgan.pdfGoogle Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- New Zealand National Commission for UNESCO. (2013). Strategic plan 2017-2021. https://unesco.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/UNESCO_Strategic_Plan_2017.pdfGoogle Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Open Source Initiative. (n.d.). Frequently answered questions. Retrieved April 15, 2021, from https://opensource.org/faq#osdGoogle Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Parry, M. (2012, April 25). ‘Free-range learners’: Study opens window into how students hunt for educational content online. The Chronicle of Higher Education. https://www.chronicle.com/blogs/wiredcampus/free-range-learners-study-opens-window-into-how-students-hunt-for-educational-content-onlineGoogle Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Preradovic, N. M., & Posavec, K. (2019). Advantages and challenges of using OERs in teaching less commonly taught languages: Case study from Croatia. In M. D. Ordóñez de Pablos, X. Z. Lytras, & K. T. Chui (Eds.), Opening up education for inclusivity across digital economies and societies (pp. 73-96). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7473-6.ch00410.4018/978-1-5225-7473-6.ch004 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Redecker, C. (2017). European framework for the digital competence of educators. Joint Research Centre, European Commission. http://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/fcc33b68-d581-11e7-a5b9-01aa75ed71a1/language-enGoogle Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Slashdot Media. (2021). SemanticScuttle. SourceForge. https://sourceforge.net/projects/semanticscuttle/Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Smyth, R., Bossu, C., & Stagg, A. (2016). Toward an open empowered learning model of pedagogy in higher education. In S. Reushle, A. Antonio, & M. Keppell (Eds.), Open learning and formal credentialing in higher education: Curriculum models and institutional policies (pp. 205-222). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8856-8.ch01110.4018/978-1-4666-8856-8.ch011 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- UNESCO. (2019). Open Educational Resources (OER). https://en.unesco.org/themes/building-knowledge-societies/oerGoogle Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- United Nations. (n.d.). Take action for the sustainable development goals. Retrieved April 15, 2021, from https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Weller, M., Jordan, K., DeVries, I., & Rolfe, V. (2018). Mapping the open education landscape: Citation network analysis of historical open and distance education research. Open Praxis, 10(2), 109-126. http://oro.open.ac.uk/54670/10.5944/openpraxis.10.2.822 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- WikiEducator. (2016). WikiEducator: About. https://wikieducator.org/WikiEducator:AboutGoogle Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Wiley, D. (2014a). Open content. In D. Wiley (Ed.), An open education reader (Chap. 14). Pressbooks. https://openedreader.org/chapter/open-content/Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Wiley, D. (2014b, March 5). The access compromise and the 5th R: Iterating toward openness. Improving learning. https://opencontent.org/blog/archives/3221Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Wood, S. (2020). Jottings in the margins: Using digital annotation to support 21st century learning. Scope: Contemporary Research Topics (Learning and Teaching), 9, 104-107. https://doi.org/10.34074/scop.400900610.34074/scop.4009006 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar

