Abstracts
Abstract
In terms of scale, shock, and disenfranchisement, the disruption to formal education arising from COVID-19 has been unprecedented. Anecdotally, responses from teachers and educators around the world range from heightened caution to being inspired by distance education as the “new normal.” Of all the challenges, face-to-face and formal teaching have been most heavily affected. Despite some education systems demonstrating resilience, a major challenge is sustaining quality and inclusiveness in formal education suddenly delivered at a distance. In probing these issues, this article profiles international perspectives on the role of open education in responding to the impact on formal school and higher education caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. We proceed by highlighting and analysing practices and case studies from 13 countries representing all global regions, identifying and discussing the challenges and opportunities that have presented themselves. Reports cover the period from the beginning of 2020 until 11 March 2021, the first anniversary of the COVID-19 outbreak as declared by the World Health Organization. In our comparative study, we identify seven key aspects of which three (missing infrastructure and sharing OER, open education and access to OER, and urgent need for professional development and training for teachers) are directly related to open education at a distance. After comparing examples of existing practice, we make recommendations and offer insights into how open education strategies can lead to interventions that are effective and innovative—to improve formal education at a distance in schools and universities in the future.
Keywords:
- school education,
- higher education,
- distance education,
- online learning,
- open education,
- COVID-19 pandemic,
- impact,
- educational innovation,
- international practices and case studies,
- qualitative case study
Download the article in PDF to read it. Download
Appendices
Bibliography
- Agbu, J. O., Mulder, F., De Vries, F., Tenebe, A., & Caine, A. (2016). The best of two open worlds at the National Open University of Nigeria. Open Praxis, 8(2), 111-121. https://doi.org/10.5944/openpraxis.8.2.27910.5944/openpraxis.8.2.279 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Badar, F. B., & Mason, J. (2020). Numbers are alarming, solutions are scant—Out of school children in Pakistan. The International Conference on Sustainable Development 2020 (ICSD2020). https://ic-sd.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Faisal-Badar.pdfGoogle Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Bozkurt, A., Jung, I., Xiao, J., Vladimirschi, V., Schuwer, R., Egorov, G., Lambert, S. R., Al-Freih, M., Pete, J., Olcott, Jr., D., Rodes, V., Aranciaga, I., Bali, M., Alvarez, Jr., A. V., Roberts, J., Pazurek, A., Raffaghelli, J. E., Panagiotou, N., de Coëtlogon, P.,... Paskevicius, M. (2020). A global outlook to the interruption of education due to COVID-19 pandemic: Navigating in a time of uncertainty and crisis. Asian Journal of Distance Education, 15(1), 1-126. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3878572Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Burgos, D. (Ed.) (2017). Open education policy. UNIR. http://bit.ly/unir-openpolicyGoogle Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Burgos, D. (Ed.) (2020). Radical solutions and open science. An open approach to boost higher education. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4276-3Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Chatzidamianos, G., & Nerantzi, C. (2020, June 3). Stripping the layers of the onion in learning and teaching in HE. AdvanceHE. https://www.advance-he.ac.uk/news-and-views/stripping-layers-onion-learning-and-teaching-heGoogle Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Cowden, G., Mitchell. P., & Taylor-Guy, P. (2020). Remote learning. Rapid literature review. Association of Independent Schools NSW & Australian Council for Educational Research. https://doi.org/10.37517/978-1-74286-610-9Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Creswell, J. W. (2012). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (3rd ed.). Sage.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. P. (2018). Designing and conducting mixed methods research (3rd ed.). Sage.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Denzin, N. K. (1978). The research act: A theoretical introduction to sociological methods and practice. Sage.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- di Pietro, G., Biagi, F., Costa, P., Karpinski, Z., & Mazza, J. (2020). The likely impact of COVID-19 on education: Reflections based on the existing literature and recent international datasets. Publications Office of the European Union. https://doi.org/10.2760/126686Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- European Commission. (2020). Digital education action plan (2021-2027). Resetting education and training for the digital age. https://ec.europa.eu/education/education-in-the-eu/digital-education-action-plan_en10.1109/ieit53597.2021.00042 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- European Commission. (2021). Coronavirus: Online learning resources. https://ec.europa.eu/education/resources-and-tools/coronavirus-online-learning-resources_enGoogle Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Fazackerley, A. (2021, January 29). “Price gouging from Covid”: Student ebooks costing up to 500% more than in print. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/education/2021/jan/29/price-gouging-from-covid-student-ebooks-costing-up-to-500-more-than-in-printGoogle Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Heck, T., Kullmann, S., Hiebl, J., Schröder, N., Otto, D., & Sander, P. (2020). Designing open informational ecosystems on the concept of open educational resources. Open Education Studies, 2, 252-264. https://doi.org/10.1515/edu-2020-013010.1515/edu-2020-0130 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Hodgkinson-Williams, C. A., & Trotter, H. (2018). A social justice framework for understanding open educational resources and practices in the global South. Journal of Learning for Development, 5(3), 204-224. https://jl4d.org/index.php/ejl4d/article/view/31210.56059/jl4d.v5i3.312 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Inamorato dos Santos, A., Punie, Y., & Castano Muniz, J. (2016). Opening up education: A support framework for higher education institutions. Publications Office of the European Union. https://www.doi.org/10.2791/293408Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Instituto Península. (2020). Sentimento e percepçào dos professores brasileiros nos diferentes estágios do coronavírus no Brasil [Feeling and reception of Brazilian educators at different stages of the corona virus in Brazil]. https://www.institutopeninsula.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Diagrama%C3%A7%C3%A3o-Pulso.pdfGoogle Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- JISC. (2020, March 18). Free student e-textbook programme to give university students and staff access to learning resources. https://www.jisc.ac.uk/news/free-student-etextbook-programme-18-mar-2020Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Kalezi, C., Back, D., & Yim, M. (2020, November 13). The future of online education: Lessons from South Korea. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/11/lessons-from-south-korea-on-the-future-of-online-educationGoogle Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Mason, J., & Pillay, H. (2015). Opening digital learning to deeper inquiry. In M. Ally & B. H. Khan (Eds.), The international handbook of e-learning (Vol. 2, pp. 1-10). Routledge.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Ministerio de Universidades. (n.d.). Informe de iniciativas y herramientas de evaluación online universitaria en el contexto del Covid-19 [Report on academic online evaluation initiatives and tools in the context of Covid-19]. http://www.feccoo-madrid.org/965dc797a0c3208f893b9a217b3ce1d5000063.pdfGoogle Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Naidu, S. (2019). The changing narratives of open, flexible and online learning. Distance Education, 40(2), 149-152. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2019.1612981Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- National Centre for Student Equity in Higher Education. (2021). COVID-19—Resources for the higher education sector. https://www.ncsehe.edu.au/practice/covid-19Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Nerantzi, C. (2017). Towards a framework for cross-boundary collaborative open learning in cross-institutional academic development [Doctoral dissertation, Edinburgh Napier University]. https://www.napier.ac.uk/~/media/worktribe/output-1025583/towards-a-framework-for-cross-boundary-collaborative-open-learning-for.pdf10.5944/openpraxis.10.4.907 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- ODI. (2020, November 10). Education open data challenge: The impact of digital access on education during Covid-19. https://theodi.org/article/education-open-data-challenge-the-impact-of-digital-access-on-education-during-covid-19Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- OECD. (2021a, July 1). The state of higher education. One year into the COVID pandemic. https://doi.org/10.1787/83c41957-enGoogle Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- OECD. (2021b, April 13). The state of school education. One year into the COVID pandemic. https://doi.org/10.1787/201dde84-enGoogle Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Oppermann, M. (2000). Triangulation - a methodological discussion. International Journal of Tourism Research, 2(2), 141-145. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1522-1970(200003/04)2:23.0.CO;2-UGoogle Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Ossiannilsson, E., Zhang, X., Wetzler, J., Gusmào, C., Aydin, C. H., Jhangiani R., Glapa-Grossklag, J., Makoe, M., & Harichandan, D. (2020). From open educational resources to open educational practices. For resilient sustainable education. Distances et Médiations des Savoirs, 31. https://doi.org/10.4000/dms.539310.4000/dms.5393 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Popa, S. (2020). Reflections on COVID-19 and the future of education and learning. Prospects, 49(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11125-020-09511-zGoogle Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Ramírez-Montoya, M. S. (2020). Challenges for open education with educational innovation: A systematic literature review. Sustainability, 12(17), Article 7053. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12177053Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Robertson, L. H., Robertson, D. T., & Robertson, T. J. (2020). The opened mind: An application of the historical concept of openness in education. In D. Conrad & P. Prinsloo (Eds.), Open(ing) education theory and practice (pp. 26-46). Brill Sense.10.1163/9789004422988_003 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Rodríguez-Abitia, G., Martínez-Pérez, S., Ramirez-Montoya, M. S., & Lopez-Caudana, E. (2020). Digital gap in universities and challenges for quality education: A diagnostic study in Mexico and Spain. Sustainability, 12(21), Article 9069. https://doi.org/10.3390/su1221906910.3390/su12219069 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Santos-Hermosa, G., Estupinyà, E., Nonó-Rius, B., Paris-Folch, L., & Prats-Prat, J. (2020). Open educational resources (OER) in the Spanish universities. Profesional De La Información, 29(6), Article e290637. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.nov.3710.3145/pi.2020.nov.37 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Schleicher, A. (2020). The impact of Covid-19 on education. Insights from Education at a Glance 2020. OECD. https://www.oecd.org/education/the-impact-of-covid-19-on-education-insights-education-at-a-glance-2020.pdf10.1787/2d28dc53-en Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Stake, R. E. (1995). The art of case study research: Perspective in practice. Sage.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Stracke, C. M. (2017). The quality of MOOCs: How to improve the design of open education and online courses for learners? In P. Zaphiris & A. Ioannou (Eds.), Learning and collaboration technologies. Novel learning ecosystems (pp. 285-293). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58509-3_23Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Stracke, C. M. (2019). Quality frameworks and learning design for open education. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 20(2), 180-203. https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v20i2.421310.19173/irrodl.v20i2.4213 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Stracke, C. M. (2020). Open science and radical solutions for diversity, equity and quality in research: A literature review of different research schools, philosophies and frameworks and their potential impact on science and education. In D. Burgos (Ed.), Radical solutions and open science: An open approach to boost higher education (pp. 17-37). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4276-3_210.1007/978-981-15-4276-3_2 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Stracke, C. M., Burgos, D., Santos-Hermosa, G., Bozkurt, A., Sharma, R. C., Cassafieres C. S., Inamorato dos Santos, A., Mason, J., Ossiannilsson, E., Shon, J. G., Wan, M., Obiageli Agbu, J. F., Farrow, R. Karakaya, Ö., Nerantzi, C., Ramírez Montoya, M. S., Conole, G., Cox, G., & Truong, V. (2022). Responding to the initial challenge of the COVID-19 pandemic: Analysis of international responses and impact in school and higher education. Sustainability, 14(3), Article 1876. https://doi.org/10.3390/su1403187610.3390/su14031876 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Stracke, C. M., Sharma, R. C., Swiatek, C., Burgos, D., Bozkurt, A., Karakaya, Ö., Ossiannilsson, E., Mason, J., Nerantzi, C., Agbu, J.-F., Ramírez Montoya, M. S., Shon, J. G., Inamorato dos Santos, A., Farrow, R., Wan, M., Santos-Hermosa, G., & Conole, G. (2021). How COVID-19 has an impact on formal education: A collective international evaluation of open education in distance learning. In L. Gómez Chova, A. López Martínez, & I. Candel Torres (Eds.), Proceedings 14th Annual International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation (pp. 4270-4275). IATED Academy. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.576458510.21125/iceri.2021.0991 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- UNESCO. (2019, November 25). UNESCO Recommendation on open educational resources. http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=49556&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.htmlGoogle Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- UNESCO. (2020, March 6). COVID-19: 10 recommendations to plan distance learning solutions. https://en.unesco.org/news/covid-19-10-recommendations-plan-distance-learning-solutionsGoogle Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- UNESCO. (2021). COVID-19 response. https://en.unesco.org/covid19Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- UNESCO, UNICEF, & The World Bank. (2020, October). What have we learnt?: Overview of findings from a survey of ministries of education on national responses to COVID-19. http://tcg.uis.unesco.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2020/10/National-Education-Responses-to-COVID-19-WEB-final_EN.pdf https://data.unicef.org/resources/national-education-responses-to-covid1910.1596/38112 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- UNESCO, UNICEF, The World Bank, & OECD. (2021, June). What’s next? Lessons on education recovery: Findings from a survey of ministries of education amid the COVID-19 pandemic. http://covid19.uis.unesco.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2021/07/National-Education-Responses-to-COVID-19-Report2_v3.pdf10.1787/697bc36e-en Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- UNICEF. (2020, October). What have we learnt?: Findings from a survey of ministries of education on national responses to COVID-19. https://data.unicef.org/resources/national-education-responses-to-covid19Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- United Nations. (2020, August). Policy brief: Education during COVID-19 and beyond. https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/08/sg_policy_brief_covid-19_and_education_august_2020.pdfGoogle Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Weller, M. (2020). Open and free access to education for all. In D. Burgos (Ed.), Radical solutions and open science: An open approach to boost higher education (pp. 1-15). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4276-3_110.1007/978-981-15-4276-3_1 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Weller, M., Jordan, K., DeVries, I., & Rolfe, V. (2018). Mapping the open education landscape: Citation network analysis of historical open and distance education research. Open Praxis, 10(2), 109-126. https://doi.org/10.5944/openpraxis.10.2.82210.5944/openpraxis.10.2.822 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- WHO. (2020, March 11). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Situation report - 51. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200311-sitrep-51-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=1ba62e57_10Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Yin, R. K. (1984). Case study research: Design and methods. Sage.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Yin, R. K. (2011). Qualitative research from start to finish. Guilford Publications.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Zawacki-Richter, O., Conrad, D., Bozkurt, A., Aydin, C. H., Bedenlier, S., Jung, I., Stöter, J., Veletsianos, G., Blaschke, L. M., Bond, M., Broens, A., Bruhn, E., Dolch, C., Kalz, M., Kerres, M., Kondakci, Y., Marin, V., Mayrberger, K., Müskens, W.,... & Xiao, J. J. (2020). Elements of open education: An invitation to future research. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 21(3), 319-334. https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v21i3.465910.19173/irrodl.v21i3.4659 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar

