Abstracts
Abstract
Classroom sociology is a powerful discipline that helps students develop a sense of identity, achieve success, and experience well-being while building a strong community in the classroom. Teachers who can see beneath the surface and are aware of classroom sociology create a better and more just learning environment for learners, especially in primary education. This study focuses on improving teachers’ classroom sociology and social justice awareness. Researchers designed a four-week in-service classroom sociology program for primary school teachers. The program aimed to improve the teachers’ awareness and behaviours in terms of classroom sociology and social justice. This applied research was conducted using an in-service program intervention with 12 primary school teacher participants. Data was collected from in-class observations, teacher ethnography notes, participant evaluations, and classroom observations. Initially, participants were more focused on academic performance and teaching routines and largely ignored the social context of the classroom. At the end of the study, teacher participants’ awareness of classroom sociology and social justice increased, and both their attitudes towards their students and their teaching methods changed in a positive manner.
Download the article in PDF to read it. Download
Appendices
Bibliography
- Adıay, S. (2011). Exploring the hidden curricula of the seventh years of elementary schools whose level of success' are different from the point of classroom environment. [Master’s thesis. Sakarya University]. Tez Merkezi. tez.yok.gov.trGoogle Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Ahnert, L., Harwardt-Heinecke, E., Kappler, G., Eckstein-Madry, T., & Milatz, A. (2012). Student–teacher relationships and classroom climate in first grade: How do they relate to students’ stress regulation? Attachment & Human Development, 14(3), 249–263. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/14616734.2012.673277Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Andrew, A., & Teitelbaum, K. (1983). Linking theory and practice: The use of ethnographic methodology by prospective teachers. Journal of Education for Teaching, 9(3), 225–234. https://doi.org/10.1080/0260747830090303Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Arevalillo-Herráez, M. (2014). Impact evaluation of reactive assessment strategies to address social loafing by promoting student cooperation and encouraging mutual support. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 51(5), 523–532. https://doi.org/10.1080/14703297.2013.785646Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Atak, H. (2011). Identity development and identity formation: A theoretical assessment. Current Approaches in Psychiatry, 3(1), 163–213.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Barzykowski, K., Riess, M., Hajdas, S., & Niedźwieńska, A. (2019). School in our memory: Do we remember our time in middle and high school differently? Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 31(4), 438–452. https://doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2019.1621320Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Bernstein, B. (2000). Pedagogy, symbolic control, and identity. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Birkeland, J., Baste, V., & Eriksen Ødegaard, E. (2020). Observation as a professional tool in Norwegian kindergartens and kindergarten teacher education. Cogent Education, 7(1), n.p. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2020.1789381Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Bitler, M., Corcoran, S. P., Domina, T., & Penner, E. K. (2021). Teacher effects on student achievement and height: A cautionary tale. Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness, 14(4), 900–924.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Black-Hawkins, K., Maguire, L., & Kershner, R. (2021). Developing inclusive classroom communities: What matters to children? Education 3-13, 50(5), 577–591. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004279.2021.1873398Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Blanchard, S., & Muller, C. (2015). Gatekeepers of the American dream: How teachers’ perceptions shape the academic outcomes of immigrant and language-minority students. Social science research, 51, 262–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2014.10.003Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Bourdieu, P., & Passeron, J. C. (2015). YenidenüÜretim: Eğitim sistemine ilişkn bir teorinin ilkeleri [Reproduction: Elements for a theory on education system]. Heretik.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Brady, J., & Katre, A. (2021). Innovating at the nexus of world languages and cultures and design thinking. Pedagogies: An International Journal, 16(4), 378–396. https://doi.org/10.1080/1554480X.2021.1897011Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Bressoux, P., & Bianco, M. (2004). Long-term teacher effects on pupils’ learning gains. Oxford Review of Education, 30(3), 327–345. https://doi:10.1080/0305498042000260476Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Brooks, C. F. (2016). Role, power, ritual, and resistance: A critical discourse analysis of college classroom talk. Western Journal of Communication, 80(3), 348–369. https://doi.org/10.1080/10570314.2015.1098723Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Buchanan, D., Hargreaves, E., & Quick, L. (2021). ‘My life is like a massive jigsaw with pieces missing’. How ‘lower-attaining’ children experience school in terms of their well-being. Education 3-13, 49(8), 1000–1012. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004279.2020.1818269Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Bull, B. L. (2008). Social justice in education: An introduction. Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Carter, C., & Osler, A. (2000). Human rights, identities and conflict management: A study of school culture as experienced through classroom relationships. Cambridge Journal of Education, 30(3), 335–356. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057640020004496Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Chambliss, W. J. (1973). The saints and the roughnecks. Society, 11(1), 24–31.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Charlton, E., Cliff Hodges, G., Pointon, P., Nikolajeva, M., Spring, E., Taylor, L., & Wyse, D. (2014). My place: Exploring children’s place-related identities through reading and writing. Education 3-13, 42(2), 154–170. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004279.2012.662521Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Cheema, J., & Kitsantas, A. (2016). Predicting high school student use of learning strategies: The role of preferred learning styles and classroom climate. Educational Psychology, 36(5), 845–862. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2014.981511Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Chen, G., & Tjosvold, D. (2002). Cooperative goals and constructive controversy for promoting innovation in student groups in China. Journal of Education for Business, 78(1), 46–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/08832320209599697Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Clinkscale, B. G. (1979). Classroom relationships—The teacher’s responsibility. The Journal of Business Education, 54(7), 323–326.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Cuervo, H. (2020). Rethinking teachers’ production of social justice in rural schools. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 24(13), 1357–1371. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2018.1526338Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Damianidou, E., & Phtiaka, H. (2016). A critical pedagogy of empathy: Making a better world achievable. Pedagogies: An International Journal, 11(3), 235–248. https://doi.org/10.1080/1554480X.2016.1195741Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Dickerson, L. W. (2007). A postmodern view of the hidden curriculum. [Doctoral dissertation, Georgia Southern University]. Digital Commons@Georgia Southern.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Dimitrellou, E., & Hurry, J. (2019). School belonging among young adolescents with SEMH and MLD: The link with their social relations and school inclusivity. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 34(3), 312–326. ttps://doi.org/10.1080/08856257.2018.1501965Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Donaghue, H. (2020). ‘Time to construct positive identities’: Display questions in post observation teacher feedback. Classroom Discourse, 11(3), 193–208. https://doi.org/10.1080/19463014.2019.1581626Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Dupriez, V. (2006). Between heterogeneity and equality: Representations and practices of primary‐level teachers. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 38(4), 431–448. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220270600630753.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Evans, I. M., Harvey, S. T., Buckley, L., & Yan, E. (2009). Differentiating classroom climate concepts: Academic, management, and emotional environments. Kōtuitui: New Zealand Journal of Social Sciences Online, 4(2), 131–146. https://doi.org/10.1080/1177083X.2009.9522449Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Farmer, T. W., Lines, M. M., & Hamm, J. V. (2011). Revealing the invisible hand: The role of teachers in children’s peer experiences. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 32(5), 247–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2011.04.006Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Ferguson-Patrick, K. (2020). Developing a democratic classroom and a democracy stance: Cooperative learning case studies from England and Sweden. Education 3-13, 50(3), 389–403. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004279.2020.1853195Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Fernie, L., & Cubeddu, D. (2016). WOWW: A solution orientated approach to enhance classroom relationships and behaviour within a primary three class. Educational Psychology in Practice, 32(2), 197–208. https://doi.org/10.1080/02667363.2016.1146574Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Forsberg, C., Chiriac, E. H., & Thornberg, R. (2021). Exploring pupils’ perspectives on school climate. Educational Research, 63(4), 379–395. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131881.2021.1956988Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Frank, C. (1999). Ethnographic eyes: A teacher’s guide to classroom observation. Heinemann.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Freire, P. (2018). Pedagogy of the oppressed. Bloomsbury Publishing.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Friedland, R., & Alford, R. R. (1991). Bringing society back in: Symbols, practices, and institutional contradictions. In W. W. Powell & P. J. DiMaggio (Eds.), The new institutionalism in organizational analysis (pp. 232–263). The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Frisby, B. N., Hosek, A. M., & Beck, A. C. (2020). The role of classroom relationships as sources of academic resilience and hope. Communication Quarterly, 68(3), 289–305. https://doi.org/10.1080/01463373.2020.1779099Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Gajardo Espinoza, K., & Torrego-Egido, L. (2022). Dialogues, actions and discourses of a rural head teacher and an ethnographer in search of a fairer and more inclusive school. Ethnography and Education, 18(1), 75–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/17457823.2022.2108329Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Glickman, C. (1976). Unraveling the hidden curriculum. ERIC Institute of Education Services. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED139742.pdfGoogle Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Golann, J. W., & Darling-Aduana, J. (2020). Toward a multifaceted understanding of Lareau’s “sense of entitlement”: Bridging sociological and psychological constructs. Sociology Compass, 14(7), e12798. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12798Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Golann, J. W., & Jones, A. (2021). How principals balance control and care in urban school discipline. Urban Education, 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1177/00420859211046824Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Halasz, J. R., & Kaufman, P. (2008). Sociology as pedagogy: How ideas from the discipline can inform teaching and learning. Teaching Sociology, 36(4), 301–317. https://doi.org/10.1177/0092055X0803600401Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Hargreaves, D. H., & Hargreaves, D. (1998). Social relations in a secondary school. Routledge.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Hempel-Jorgensen, A. (2009). The construction of the ‘ideal pupil’ and pupils’ perceptions of ‘misbehaviour’ and discipline: Contrasting experiences from a low-socio-economic and a high-socio-economic primary school. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 30(4), 435–448. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425690902954612Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Hoang, N., Holopainen, L., & Siekkinen, M. (2018). Quality of teacher–child interactions and its relations to children’s classroom engagement and disaffection in Vietnamese kindergartens. International Journal of Early Years Education, 26(4), 387–402. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669760.2018.1478281Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Holland, L. (2007). Teaching and learning in diversity classes: The significance of classroom climate and teacher credibility. Journal of Political Science Education, 2(2), 187–203.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Hong, Z. W., Chen, Y. L., & Lan, C. H. (2014). A courseware to script animated pedagogical agents in instructional material for elementary students in English education. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 27(5), 379–394. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2012.733712Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Ilhan, G. O., & Oruc, S. (2016). Effect of the use of multimedia on students’ performance: A case study of social studies class. Educational Research and Reviews, 11(8), 877–882. https://doi.org/10.5897/ERR2016.2741Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- İlhan, G. O., & Oruç, Ş. (2019). Comic books use in social studies lesson: Texas history. Egitim ve Bilim, 44(198), 6–17. https://doi.org/10.15390/eb.2019.7830Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Jeffrey, B. (2008). Creative learning identities. Education 3-13, 36(3), 253–263. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004270802217694Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Jensen, M. T., & Solheim, O. J. (2020). Exploring associations between supervisory support, teacher burnout and classroom emotional climate: The moderating role of pupil teacher ratio. Educational Psychology, 40(3), 367–388. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2019.1673881Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Kablan, Z., Topan, B., & Erkan, B. (2013). The effectiveness level of material use in classroom instruction: A meta-analysis study. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 13(3), 1638–1644. https://doi.or/ 10.12738/estp.2013.3.1692Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Kamberelis, G. (2013). Generative routinized practices and the production of classroom cultures and identities. Pedagogies: An International Journal, 8(1), 24–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/1554480X.2013.739276Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Kennedy, M. (2016). Parsing the practice of teaching. Journal of Teacher Education, 67(1), 6–17. https://do.org/10.1177/0022487115614617Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Knoell, C. M. (2012). The role of the student-teacher relationship in the lives of fifth graders: A mixed methods analysis [Unpublished dissertation]. The University of Nebraska-Lincoln.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Lareau, A., & Horvat, E. M. (1999). Moments of social inclusion and exclusion: Race, class, and cultural capital in family-school relationships. Sociology of Education, 72(1), 37–53. https://doi.org/10.2307/2673185Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Lareau, A., & Weininger, E. B. (2003). Cultural capital in educational research: A critical assessment. Theory and Society, 32, 567–606.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Lasagabaster, D., & Sierra, J. M. (2011). Classroom observation: Desirable conditions established by teachers. European Journal of Teacher Education, 34(4), 449–463.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Lee, J. S., Hill-Bonnet, L., & Raley, J. (2011). Examining the effects of language brokering on student identities and learning opportunities in dual immersion classrooms. Journal of Language, Identity & Education, 10(5), 306–326.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Lewin, K. (1936). A dynamic theory of personality: Selected papers. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 84(5), 612–613.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Lune, H., & Berg, B. L. (2017). Qualitative research methods for the social sciences. Pearson.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Mameli, C., Mazzoni, E., & Molinari, L. (2015). Patterns of discursive interactions in primary classrooms: An application of social network analysis. Research Papers in Education, 30(5), 546–566.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Mazer, J. P., & Hunt, S. K. (2008). The effects of instructor use of positive and negative slang on student motivation, affective learning, and classroom climate. Communication Research Reports, 25(1), 44–55.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- McFarland, D. A. (2001). Student resistance: How the formal and informal organization of classrooms facilitate everyday forms of student defiance. American Journal of Sociology, 107(3), 612–678.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Mehan, H. (1979). Learning lessons: Social organization in the classroom. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Miller, A. R., & Kastens, K. A. (2018). Investigating the impacts of targeted professional development around models and modeling on teachers’ instructional practice and student learning. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 55(5), 641–663.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Naraian, S. (2011). Teacher discourse, peer relations, significant disability: Unraveling one friendship story. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 24(1), 97–115.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Newberry, M. (2013). Reconsidering differential behaviors: Reflection and teacher judgment when forming classroom relationships. Teacher Development, 17(2), 195–213.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Nguyen, T. D., Cannata, M., & Miller, J. (2018). Understanding student behavioral engagement: Importance of student interaction with peers and teachers. The Journal of Educational Research, 111(2), 163–174.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Niemi, R., Kumpulainen, K., Lipponen, L., & Hilppö, J. (2015). Pupils’ perspectives on the lived pedagogy of the classroom. Education 3-13, 43(6), 683–699.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Nieuwenhuis, J. (2010). Social justice in education revisited. Education Inquiry, 1(4), 269–287.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Norwalk, K. E., Dawes, M., Hamm, J. V., & Farmer, T. W. (2021). Improving middle school teachers’ self-reported use of social dynamics management practices. Journal of Applied School Psychology, 37(2), 109–126.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Oluyemi, J. A., & Olumide, F. D. (2021). An anthropological analysis of the Yoruba greeting culture. African Identities, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/14725843.2021.2005535Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Özden, M. (2008). Environmental awareness and attitudes of student teachers: An empirical research. International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education, 17(1), 40–55. https://doi.org/10.2167/irgee227.0Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Pantić, N., & Florian, L. (2015). Developing teachers as agents of inclusion and social justice. Education Inquiry, 6(3), 333–351. https://doi.org/10.3402/edui.v6.27311Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Patton, M. Q. (2014). Qualitative research & evaluation methods: Integrating theory and practice. Sage Publications.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Pillet-Shore, D. (2012). Greeting: Displaying stance through prosodic recipient design. Research on Language & Social Interaction, 45(4), 375–398. ttps://doi.org/10.1080/08351813.2012.724994Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Pinho, A. S., & Andrade, A. I. (2015). Redefining professional identity: The voice of a language teacher in a context of collaborative learning. European Journal of Teacher Education, 38(1), 21–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2014.902440Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Pomphrey, C., & Burley, S. (2009). Teacher language awareness education and pedagogy: A new discursive space. Language Awareness, 18(3–4), 422–433. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658410903197314Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Qu, X. (2019). Chinese teachers’ views of educational exclusion of children with disabilities in relation to equality. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2019.1626496Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Qualter, P., Whiteley, H. E., Hutchinson, J. M., & Pope, D. J. (2007). Supporting the development of emotional intelligence competencies to ease the transition from primary to high school. Educational Psychology in Practice, 23(1), 79–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/02667360601154584Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Rancer, A. S., Durbin, J. M., & Lin, Y. (2013). Teaching communication research methods: Student perceptions of topic difficulty, topic understanding, and their relationship with math anxiety. Communication Research Reports, 30(3), 242–251. https://doi.org/10.1080/08824096.2013.806259Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Riemer, F. J., & Blasi, M. (2008). Rethinking relationships, reconfiguring teacher research: Teachers as ethnographers of culture, childhood, and classrooms. Action in Teacher Education, 29(4), 53–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/01626620.2008.10463469Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Riese, H., Samara, A., & Lillejord, S. (2012). Peer relations in peer learning. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 25(5), 601–624. https://doi.org/10.1080/09518398.2011.605078Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Rodriguez, V., Lynneth Solis, S., Mascio, B., Kiely Gouley, K., Jennings, P. A., & Brotman, L. M. (2020). With awareness comes competency: The five awarenesses of teaching as a framework for understanding teacher social-emotional competency and well-being. Early Education and Development, 31(7), 940–972. ttps://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2020.1794496Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Roland, E., & Galloway, D. (2002). Classroom influences on bullying. Educational research, 44(3), 299–312. https://doi.org/10.1080/0013188022000031597Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Rosenshine, B. V. (2015). How time is spent in elementary classrooms. Journal of Classroom Interaction, 50(1), 41–53. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44735710.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Rubie-Davies, C. (2009). Teacher expectations and labeling. In L. J. Saha & A. G. Dworkin (Eds.), International handbook of research on teachers and teaching (pp. 695–707). Springer International Handbooks of Education.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Sargeant, J. (2014). Prioritising student voice: ‘Tween’ children’s perspectives on school success. Education 3-13, 42(2), 190–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004279.2012.668139Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Sarı, H. Y. (2004). Teacher’s role in teaching English to young learners [Unpublished Master’s Thesis]. Atatürk University Social Sciences Institute.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Scharenberg, K., Rollett, W., & Bos, W. (2019). Do differences in classroom composition provide unequal opportunities for academic learning and social participation of SEN students in inclusive classes in primary school? School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 30(3), 309–327. https://doi.org/10.1080/09243453.2019.1590423Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Schmuck, R., & Schmuck, P. (1976). Group processes in the classroom. Wm. C. Brown Company Publishers.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Sezer, Ş. (2018). The effects of teachers’ classroom management attitudes on students’ development: A phenomenological analysis. Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 33(2), 534–549. https://doi.org/ 10.16986/HUJE.2017031319Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Silva, P., & Neves, I. P. (2007). Power and control in the classroom: Understanding students’ disruptive behaviours. Pedagogies: An International Journal, 2(4), 205–231. https://doi.org/10.1080/15544800701670014Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Sirotnik, K. A. (1982). The contextual correlates of the relative expenditures of classroom time on instruction and behavior: An exploratory study of secondary schools and classes. American Educational Research Journal, 19(2), 275–292. 10.3102/00028312019002275Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Skourdoumbis, A. (2014). Teacher effectiveness: Making the difference to student achievement? British Journal of Educational Studies, 62(2), 111–126. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071005.2014.930413Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Sneyers, E., Vanhoof, J., & Mahieu, P. (2019). The impact of primary school teachers’ expectations of pupils, parents and teachers on teacher track recommendations. Educational Studies, 55(3), 327–345. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131946.2018.1562925Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Sönmez, S., & Kolaşınlı, I. B. (2021). The effect of preschool teachers’ stress states on classroom climate. Education 3-13, 49(2), 190–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004279.2019.1709528Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Steinberg, S., & Krumer-Nevo, M. (2020). Poverty-aware teacher education. European Journal of Teacher Education, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2020.1827390Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Strayhorn, G. (1989). Expectations versus reality, social support, and the well-being of medical students. Behavioral Medicine, 15(3), 133–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/08964289.1989.9934576Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Tavakoli, M., & Sadeghi, S. (2011). An inquiry-based approach to teacher professionalism: Toward a trichotomous model of critical ethnography. Reflective Practice, 12(3), 361–373. https://doi.org/10.1080/14623943.2011.571867Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Torres, R. (2018). Tackling inequality? Teacher effects and the socioeconomic gap in educational achievement. Evidence from Chile. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 29(3), 383–417. https://doi.org/10.1080/09243453.2018.1443143Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Tournaki, N. (2003). Effect of student characteristics on teachers’ predictions of student success. The Journal of Educational Research, 96(5), 310–319. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/00220670309597643Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Valério, C., Farias, C., & Mesquita, I. (2021). Pre-service teachers’ learning and implementation of student-centred models in physical education: A systematic review. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 21(6), 3326–3338. https://doi.org/ 10.7752/jpes.2021.06452Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Van Ryzin, M. J., Roseth, C. J., & McClure, H. (2020). The effects of cooperative learning on peer relations, academic support, and engagement in learning among students of color. The Journal of Educational Research, 113(4), 283–291. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2020.1806016Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Vanwynsberghe, G., Vanlaar, G., Van Damme, J., & De Fraine, B. (2019). Long-term effects of first-grade teachers on students’ achievement: A replication study. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 30(2), 177–193. https://doi.org/10.1080/09243453.2018.1556164Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Walker, S., & Graham, L. (2021). At risk students and teacher-student relationships: Student characteristics, attitudes to school and classroom climate. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 25(8), 896–913. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2019.1588925Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Willis, P. E. (1981). Learning to labor: How working class kids get working class jobs. Columbia University Press.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Yan, E. M., Evans, I. M., & Harvey, S. T. (2011). Observing emotional interactions between teachers and students in elementary school classrooms. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 25(1), 82–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/02568543.2011.533115Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Yin, R. K. (2011). Applications of case study research. Sage.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Yükseköğretim Kurulu. (2018). www.yok.gov.trGoogle Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Zanobini, M., & Usai, M. C. (2002). Domain-specific self-concept and achievement motivation in the transition from primary to low middle school. Educational Psychology, 22(2), 203–217. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410120115265Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Zurbriggen, C. L., Hofmann, V., Lehofer, M., & Schwab, S. (2021). Social classroom climate and personalised instruction as predictors of students’ social participation. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2021.1882590Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar

