Abstracts
Abstract
There has always been tensions between Canadian courts attempting to uphold the constitutional role of legislatures to determine what laws can impose civil liabilities on non-state actors within its sovereign borders while also not ignoring the importance of international legal norms as a country that promotes the international rule of law. This article discusses how those tensions reached its zenith with the recent historic majority ruling of the Supreme Court of Canada in Nevsun, by extending the reach of customary international law to allow for the imposition of civil liabilities on private entities such as transnational corporations within the domestic legal system. Reviewing first the traditional positivist position of the country’s highest court -- that only prohibitive or mandatory rules of customary international law should be incorporated into Canadian domestic law in the absence of contrary legislation -- the author then examines how the Nevsun case may have challenged the constitutional limits of judicial power to create new rights and duties, particularly regarding the adoption of civil liability norms against transnational corporations. Essentially, the article discusses the potential impact of the majority ruling (including Justice Rosalie Abella) internationally, subscribing to the idea that the application of international law norms at the national level can have a significant global impact, as was previously the case in the landmark Reference re Secession of Quebec ruling.
Keywords:
- Customary international law,
- Constitutional limits of judicial power,
- Civil liability norms,
- Private corporations,
- Nevsun Case,
- Supreme Court of Canada
Résumé
Il y a toujours eu des tensions entre les tribunaux canadiens qui tentent de maintenir le rôle constitutionnel des législateurs pour déterminer quelles lois peuvent imposer des responsabilités civiles aux acteurs non étatiques à l’intérieur de ses frontières souveraines, sans toutefois ignorer l’importance des normes juridiques internationales en tant que pays qui promeut l’État de droit international. Cet article examine comment ces tensions ont atteint leur apogée avec la récente décision historique de la majorité de la Cour suprême du Canada, dans l’affaire Nevsun, où il fut question d’étendre la portée du droit international coutumier pour permettre l’imposition de responsabilités civiles à des entités privées telles que des sociétés transnationales dans le cadre du système juridique national. Revenant d’abord sur la position positiviste traditionnelle du plus haut tribunal du pays - selon laquelle seules les règles prohibitives ou obligatoires du droit international coutumier devraient être incorporées dans le droit interne canadien en l’absence de législation contraire - l’auteur examine ensuite comment l’affaire Nevsun a pu remettre en question les limites constitutionnelles du pouvoir judiciaire de créer de nouveaux droits et devoirs, notamment eu égard à l’adoption de normes de responsabilité civile face aux sociétés transnationales. Essentiellement, cet article propose une analyse de l’impact potentiel de cette décision majoritaire (et de la position de la Juge Abella) au niveau international, souscrivant à l’idée que l’application des normes du droit international au niveau national puisse avoir un impact mondial significatif, comme ce fut antérieurement le cas dans le cadre de l’arrêt historique Renvoi relatif à la sécession du Québec.
Mots-clés :
- Droit international coutumier,
- Limites constitutionnelles du pouvoir judiciaire,
- Normes de responsabilité civile,
- Sociétés privées,
- Affaire Nevsun,
- Cour suprême du Canada
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Appendices
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