Abstracts
Abstract
When critics identify ‘manipulations’ in translations, these are often described and analysed in terms of the differing norms governing the source and the target languages, cultures and literatures. This article focuses on the agent of the translation, the translator, and her/his presence in the translated text. It presents a theoretical and analytical tool, a communicative model of translation, using the category of the implied translator, the creator of a new text for readers of the target text. This model links the theoretical fields of narratology and translation studies and helps to identify the agent of ‘change’ and the level of communication in which the most significant modifications take place. It is a model applicable to all translated narrated literature but, as examples illustrate, due to the asymmetrical communication in and around children’s literature, the implied translator as he/she becomes visible or audible as the narrator of the translation, is particularly tangible in translated children’s literature.
Mots-clés/Keywords:
- implied translator,
- narrator of the translation,
- implied reader,
- invisibility,
- visibility
Résumé
Lorsque les critiques identifient les différentes adaptations dans les traductions de la littérature pour enfants, elles sont souvent décrites en terme de normes (littéraires, sociales, éducationnelles) gouvernant les langues sources et cibles. Cet article décrit un outil théorique, un modèle communicatif de la traduction, en se centrant sur le traducteur. Ce modèle fait le pont entre les champs théoriques de la narratologie et des études de la traduction et aide à identifier les agents de changement et les niveaux de communication sur lesquels s’exercent les plus importantes modifications.
Appendices
References
- Ben-Ari, N. (1992): Didactic and Pedagogic Tendencies in the Norms Dictating the Translation of Children’s Literature: The Case of Postwar German-Hebrew Translations. In: Poetics Today 13, 1, 221-230.
- Carroll, L. (1865): Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. Ill. John Tenniel. London: Macmillan.
- Carroll, L. (1949): Alicens Abenteuer im Wunderland. Aus dem Englischen übertragen von Franz Sester. Ill. Charlotte Strech-Ballot. Düsseldorf.
- Chambers, A. (1982): Dance on my Grave. London: Bodley Head.
- Chatman, S. (1978): Story and Discourse. Narrative Structure in Fiction and Film. Ithaca, London: Cornell University Press.
- Chatman, S. (1990): Coming to Terms. The Rhetoric of Narrative in Fiction and Film. Ithaca, London: Cornell University Press.
- Du-Nour, M. (1995): Retranslation of Children’s Books as Evidence of Changes of Norms. In: Target 7, 2, 327-346.
- Hermans, T. (1996): The Translator’s Voice in Translated Narrative. In: Target 8, 1, 23-48.
- Kästner, E. (1929): Emil und die Detektive. Ein Roman für Kinder. Ill. Walter Trier. Berlin: Williams & Co.
- Lefevere, A. and S. Bassnett (1998): Where are we in Translation Studies? In: Bassnett, Susan (Ed.): Constructing Cultures. Essays on Literary Translation. Clevedon: Cromwell, 1-11.
- Lindgren, A. (1945): Pippi Långstrump. Ill. Ingrid Vang Nyman. Stockholm: Rabén & Sjögren.
- Lindgren, A. (1949): Pippi Langstrumpf. Deutsch von Cäcilie Heinig. Ill. Walter Scharnweber. Hamburg: Oetinger.
- Milne, A. A. (1926): Winnie-the-Pooh. With Decorations by E. H. Shepard. London: Methuen.
- Nesbit, E. (1907): The Enchanted Castle. London: Fisher Unwin.
- Nesbit, E. (1899): The Story of the Treasure Seekers. Being the adventures of the Bastable Children in search of a fortune. London: Fisher Unwin.
- Oittinen, R. (1993): I Am Me – I Am Other: On the Dialogics of Translating for Children. Tampare: University of Tampare.
- O’Sullivan, E. (1993): The Fate of the Dual Addressee in the Translation of Children’s Literature. In: New Comparison 16, 109-119.
- O’Sullivan, E. (2000): Kinderliterarische Komparatistik. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag C. Winter.
- O’Sullivan, E. (2001): Alice in Different Wonderlands: Varying approaches in the German translations of an English children’s classic. In: Meek, Margaret (Ed.): Children’s Literature and National Identity. London: Trentham, 23-32.
- O’Sullivan, E. (1989): The Little Swiss Girl from the Mountains: Heidi in englischen Übersetzungen. In: Rutschmann, Verena (Ed.): Johanna Spyri und ihr Werk. Zürich: Chronos (forthcoming).
- Park, B.: My Mother Got Married (and other disasters). New York: Knopf.
- Park, B. (1991): Charly und drei Nervensägen. Aus dem Amerikanischen von Ulla Neckenauer. Würzburg: Arena.
- Rowling, J.K. (1997): Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone. London: Bloomsbury.
- Schiavi, G. (1996): There is Always a Teller in a Tale. In: Target 8, 1, 1-21.
- Spyri, J. (1978): Heidi. Vollständige und ungekürzte Ausgabe in einem Band. Ill. Paul Hey. 2. Aufl. Frankfurt: Insel.
- Spyri, J. (1949): Heidi. With Drawings by Janet & Anne Johnstone. London: The Heirloom Library.
- Spyri, J.: Heidi. A New Translation by M. Rosenbaum. Glasgow: Collins Clear-Type Press: 1955
- Surmatz, A. (1998): Kannibalen und Pistolen: die übersetzte Pippi Langstrumpf. In: Der Rabe 52, 136–140.
- Venuti, L. (1995): The Translator’s Invisibility. A History of Translation. London, New York: Routledge.
- Wall, B. (1991): The Narrator’s Voice: The Dilemma of Children’s Fiction. London: Macmillan.
- Wunderlich, R. (1992): The Tribulations of ‘Pinocchio’: How Social Change Can Wreck a Good Story. In: Poetics Today 13, 1, 197-219.