Abstracts
Abstract
This paper investigates the transfer of proper names and references to food in the Arabic translation of the first three Harry Potter volumes. The focus of the study is twofold: (1) What is the relation between the different transfer procedures employed in the translation process and the formal, semantic and cultural properties of the source text material? And (2) what is the effect of the applied procedures on the textual and stylistic features of the target text? The major finding that emerges from the investigation is that the main translation strategy is that of simplification. Occasionally, foreignisation is involved as well, but domestication is virtually absent. The findings broadly concur with converging evidence from the translation of other cultural-specific items in the corpus such as references to school and education, kinship and family ties, and the use of dialect and slang, which additionally demonstrate the role of attenuation and normalisation.
Keywords:
- culture-specific items,
- proper name,
- food terminology,
- children’s literature,
- simplification strategies
Résumé
Le présent article décrit les procédés mis en oeuvre pour transférer les noms propres et noms de produits alimentaires dans la traduction arabe des trois premiers volumes de Harry Potter. Les deux questions centrales de l’étude sont les suivantes : Quelle est la relation entre les procédés employés et les traits formels, sémantiques et culturels des données de base dans le texte de départ ? Quels sont les effets textuels et stylistiques de ces procédés dans le texte d’arrivée ? L’analyse met en évidence l’importance d’une stratégie visant à simplifier un grand nombre de données du texte anglais original. L’étrangéisation est un procédé parfois employé, mais les vernacularisations sont rares. L’analyse est par ailleurs enrichie d’exemples relatifs à l’école, à l’éducation, à la famille et à la parenté, ainsi que de variations dialectales ou argotiques. Ces exemples constituent des illustrations supplémentaires des stratégies d’atténuation et de normalisation utilisées.
Mots-clés :
- références culturelles,
- nom propre,
- terminologie alimentaire,
- littérature pour enfants,
- stratégies de simplification
Appendices
Bibliographie
- Abu-Nasr, Julinda (1996): The Arab World. In: Peter Hunt and Sheila Ray., eds. International Companion Encyclopedia of Children’s Literature. London/New York: Routledge, 789-794.
- Aixelá, Javier F. (1996): Culture-specific Items in Translation. In: Román Álvarez and Maria Carmen-África Vidal, eds. Translation, Power, Subversion. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 52-78.
- Amin-Zaki, Amel (1995): Religious and Cultural Considerations in Translating Shakespeare Into Arabic. In: Anuradha Dingwaney and Carol Maier, eds. Between Languages and Cultures. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburg Press, 223-243.
- Aschenberg, Heidi (1991): Eigennamen im Kinderbuch. Eine textlinguistische Studie. Tübingen: Gunter Narr.
- Athamneh, Naser A. and Zitawi, Jehan I. (1999): English-Arabic Translation of Dubbed Children’s Animated Pictures. Babel. 45(2):127-148.
- Aziz, Yowel Y. (1982): Cultural Problems of English-Arabic Translation. Babel. 28(1):25-29.
- Aziz, Yowel Y. (2003): Transliteration of English Proper Nouns into Arabic. Meta. 28(1):70-84.
- Baccouche, Taïeb (2000): La traduction dans la tradition arabe. Meta. 45(3):395-399.
- Ben-Ari, Nitsa (1992): Didactic and Pedagogic Tendencies in the Norms Dictating the Translation of Children’s Literature: The Case of Postwar German-Hebrew Translations. Poetics Today. 13(1):221-230.
- Bertills, Yvonne (2002): The connotations of proper names in Tove Jansson. In: Roger D. Sell, ed. Children’s Literature as Communication. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 71-83.
- Blum-Kulka, Shoshana and Levenston, Eddie A. (1983): Universals of lexical simplification. In: Claus Faerch and Gabriele Kasper, eds. Strategies in Interlanguage Communication. London: Longman, 119-139.
- Bödeker, Birgit (1991): Terms of Material Culture. In: Harald Kittel and Armin Paul Frank, eds. Interculturality and the Historical Study of Literary Translations. Berlin: Erich Schmidt, 64-70.
- Brøndsted, Katrine and Dollerup, Cay (2004): The names in Harry Potter. Perspectives: Studies in Translatology. 12(1):56-72.
- Catford, John C. (1965): A Linguistic Theory of Translation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Coseriu, Eugenio (1978): Falsche und richtige Fragestellungen in der Übersetzungstheorie. In: Lillebill Grähs, Gustav Korlén and Bertil Malmberg, eds. Theory and Practice of Translation. (Nobel Symposium 39, Stockholm, 6-10 September 1976). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 17-32.
- Davies, Eirlys E. (2003): A Goblin or a Dirty Nose? The Treatment of Culture-Specific References in Translations of the Harry Potter Books. The Translator. 9(1):65-100.
- Dickins, James, Hervey, Sándor and Higgins, Ian (2002): Thinking Arabic Translation. London: Routledge.
- Embleton, Sheila (1991): Names and Their Substitutes. Onomastic Observations on Astérix and Its Translations. Target. 3(2):175-206.
- Even-Zohar, Basmat (1992): Translation Policy in Hebrew Children’s Literature: The Case of Astrid Lindgren. Poetics Today. 13(1):231-245.
- Faiq, Said (2000): Arabic Translation: A Glorious Past but a Meek Present. In: Marilyn Gaddis Rose, ed. Beyond the Western Tradition. Translations Perspectives XI. Binghamton: State University of New York, 83-98.
- Feral, Anne-Lise (2006): The Translator’s ‘Magic’ Wand: Harry Potter’s Journey from English to French. Meta. 51(3):459-481.
- Goody, Jack (1987): The Interface between the Written and the Oral. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Helgegren, Sofia (2005): Tracing Translation Universals and Translator Development by Word Aligning a Harry Potter Corpus. Magisteruppsats i kognitionsvetenskap, Linköpings Universitet.
- Hermans, Theo (1988): On Translating Proper Names, with reference to De Witte and Max Havelaar. In: Michael Wintle, ed. Modern Dutch Studies. London: The Athlone Press, 11-24.
- House, Juliane (2004): Linguistic Aspects of the Translation of Children’s Books. In: Harald Kittel, Armin Paul Frank, Norbert Greiner, et al., eds. An International Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. Vol. 1. Berlin: de Gruyter, 683-697.
- Householder, Fred W. (1946): On the Problem of Sound and Meaning. An English Phonestheme. Word. 2:83-84.
- Inggs, Judith (2003): From Harry to Garri: Strategies for the Transfer of Culture and Ideology in Russian Translations of Two English Fantasy Stories. Meta. 48(1-2):285-297.
- Jentsch, Nancy K. (2002): Harry Potter and the Tower of Babel. Translating the Magic. In: Lana A. Whited, ed. The Ivory Tower and Harry Potter: Perspectives on a Literary Phenomenon. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 285-301.
- Kujamäki, Pekka (2004): Übersetzung von Realienbezeichnungen in literarischen Texten. In: Harald Kittel, Armin Paul Frank, Norbert Greiner, et al., eds. An international Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. Vol. 1. Berlin/New York: de Gruyter, 920-925.
- Laviosa-Braithwaite, Sara (1998): Universals of Translation. In: Mona Baker, ed. Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. London: Routledge, 288-291.
- Leppihalme, Ritva (2000): The Two Faces of Standardisation. On the Translation of Regionalisms in Literary Dialogue. The Translator. 6(2):247-269.
- Lindgren, Astrid (1969): Traduire des livres d’enfant – est-ce possible? Babel. 15(2):98-100.
- Mdallel, Sabeur (2003): Translating Children’s Literature in the Arab World: The State of the Art. Meta. 48(1-2):298-306.
- Nikolajeva, Maria (2000): From Mythic to Linear: Time in Children’s Literature. London: Scarecrow Press.
- Nikolajeva, Maria (2006): What Do We Translate When We Translate Children’s Literature? In: Sandra L. Beckett and Maria Nikolajeva, eds. Beyond Babar. The European Tradition in Children’s Literature. Lanham MD: Scarecrow Press, 277-297.
- Nord, Christiane (1997): So treu wie möglich? Die linguistische Markierung kommunikativer Funktionen und ihre Bedeutung für die Übersetzung literarischer Texte. In: Rudi Keller, ed. Linguistik und Literaturübersetzen. Tübingen: Gunter Narr, 35-59.
- Nord, Christiane (2003): Proper Names in Translations for Children: Alice in Wonderland as a Case in Point. Meta. 48(1-2):182-196.
- Oittinen, Riitta (2006): No Innocent Act. On the Ethics of Translation for Children. In: Jan Van Coillie and Walter P. Verschueren, eds. Children’s Literature in Translation. Challenges and Strategies. Manchester: St. Jerome, 35-45.
- O’Sullivan, Emer (2000): Kinderliterarische Komparatistik. Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag.
- Pellowski, Anne (1996): Culture and Developing Countries. In: Peter Hunt and Sheila Ray, eds. International Companion Encyclopedia of Children’s Literature. London/New York: Routledge, 663-675.
- Schreiber, Michael (1993): Übersetzung und Bearbeitung. Tübingen: Gunter Narr.
- Shavit, Zohar (1994): Beyond the Restrictive Frameworks of the Past: Semiotics of Children’s Literature – A New Perspective for the Study of the Field. In: Hans-Heino Ewers, Gertrud Lehnert and Emer O’Sullivan, eds. Kinderliteratur im interkulturellen Prozess. Stuttgart: J. B. Metzler, 3-15.
- Toury, Gideon (1995): Descriptive Translation Studies and beyond. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
- Toury, Gideon (1998): A Handful of Paragraphs on ‘Translation’ and ‘Norms.’ In: Christina Schäffner, ed. Translation and Norms. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 10-32.
- Van Coillie, Jan (2006): Character Names in Translation. A Functional Approach. In: Jan Van Coillie and Walter P. Verschueren, eds. Children’s Literature in Translation. Challenges and Strategies. Manchester: St. Jerome, 123-139.
- Van Langendonck, Willy (2007): Theory and Typology of Proper Names. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
- Valero Garcés, Carmen (2003): Translating the imaginary world in the Harry Potter series or how Muggles, Quaffles, Snitches, and Nickles travel to other cultures. Quaderns. Revista de traducció. 9:121-134.
- Venuti, Lawrence (1998): Strategies of translation. In: Mona Baker, ed. Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. London: Routledge, 240-244.
- Venuti, Lawrence (2008): The Translator’s Invisibility. A History of Translation. London: Routledge.
- Voeltz, Erhard F.K. and Kilian-Hatz, Christa, eds. (2001): Ideophones. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
- Wehr, Hans (1980): A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic. 3rd ed. J. Milton Cowan, ed. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
- Willems, Klaas (1996): Eigenname und Bedeutung. Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag.
- Willems, Klaas (2000): Form, meaning, and reference in natural language: A phenomenological account of proper names. Onoma. 35:85-119.
- Wyler, Lia (2003): Harry Potter for Children, Teenagers and Adults. Meta. 48(1-2):5-14.
10.7202/001931ar