Abstracts
Abstract
Chinese organizational behavior is the product of history. In this paper, we propose an introduction to the philosophical bases of Chinese behavior. This introduction is contextualized and historically situated; then compared to Western thinking to ensure that its value for organizations is understood. We examine first the dominant Chinese philosophy schools and decode their possible meaning for managing organizations. In particular, such issues as organizational structure, leadership, emotions and time-orientation are discussed in reference to traditional values. The paper’s conclusion suggests that Chinese firms’ behavior can be better understood and studied by looking at their philosophical and historical roots.
Keywords:
- Chinese philosophies,
- Strategic management in China,
- Confucianism-Taoism,
- History and strategic management,
- History-based leadership,
- Time-orientation,
- Emotions and management
Résumé
Le comportement organisationnel chinois est le produit de l’histoire. Dans cet article, nous développons les bases philosophiques du comportement chinois, en prenant en compte le contexte et l’histoire. Ensuite, nous comparons à la pensée occidentale pour révéler les enseignements pour les organisations. Les grandes écoles philosophiques sont discutées pour révéler leur signification pour le management des organisations. Nous abordons notamment les questions de structure organisationnelle, leadership, émotions et orientation-temps, en référence aux valeurs traditionnelles. La conclusion insiste sur l’idée que le comportement d’entreprises chinoises peut être mieux compris et mieux étudié en prêtant attention à leurs racines philosophiques et historiques.
Mots-clés :
- Philosophies chinoises,
- management stratégique en Chine,
- Confucianisme-Taoisme,
- Histoire et management stratégique,
- histoire et leadership,
- orientation-temps,
- émotions et management
Resumen
El comportamiento organizacional chino es el producto de la historia. En el presente trabajo, proponemos una introducción a las bases filosóficas del comportamiento chino. Esta introducción se contextualiza y se sitúa históricamente; a continuación, se compara con el pensamiento occidental para asegurarse de que se entiende su valor para las organizaciones. En primer lugar examinamos las escuelas de filosofía chinas dominantes y desciframos su posible significado en cuanto a la gestión de las organizaciones. En particular, se discuten cuestiones tales como la estructura de la organización, el liderazgo, las emociones y la relación con respecto al tiempo en referencia a los valores tradicionales. La conclusión del trabajo propone que se entienda y se estudie mejor el comportamiento de las empresas chinas examinado sus raíces filosóficas e históricas.
Palabras clave:
- Filosofías chinas,
- Gestión estratégica en China,
- Confucianismo-Taoísmo,
- Historia y gestión estratégica,
- Liderazgo basado en la historia,
- Relación con respecto al tiempo,
- Emociones y gestión
Appendices
Bibliography
- Albert, S. (1995). Towards a theory of timing: An arachival study of timing decisions in the Persian Gulf War. Research in Organization Behavior, 17(1): 1 – 70.
- Allison, G., Zelikow, P. (1999). Essence of decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis (2nd ed.): Longman.
- Ancona, D. G., Goodman, P. S., Lawrence, B. S., Tushman, M. L. (2001). Time: A new research lens. Academy of Management Review, 26(4): 645.
- Anonymous author. (1991). Thirty six strategems: The wiles of war (H. C. Sun, Trans.): Foreign Lanugage Press [Originally published in Ming Dynasty of China (1368 – 1644)].
- Barnard, C. I. (1938). The Functions Of The Executive. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Barsade, S. G., Gibson, D. E. (1998). Group emotion: A review from top and bottom. In M. A. Neale, E. A. Mannix (Eds.), Research on Managing Groups and Teams: JAI Press.
- BCG. (2006). Banking on China: Successful Strategies for Foreign Entrants: The Boston Consulting Group.
- Bobonich, C. (2002). Plato’s Utopia Recast: Clarendon Press.
- Bower, J. (1972). Managing the Resource Allocation Process: a Study of Corporate Planning and Investment: Richard D. Irwin Publishing
- Bower, J. (2007). From Resource Allocation to Strategy Oxford University Press.
- Bower, J. L., Gilbert, C. (2005). From Resource Allocation to Strategy: Oxford University Press.
- Bower, J. L., Gilbert, C. (2007). How Managers’ Everyday Decisions Create -- or Destroy -- Your Company’s Strategy. Harvard Business Review 85, no. 2, 85(2).
- Brief, A. P., Weiss, H. M. (2002). Organizational behavior: Affect in the workplace. Annual Review of Psychology, 53: 279 – 307.
- Cao, C. (1999). Eleven Strategists’ Annotations to the Art of War (十一家注孙子校理): China Press (中华书局).
- Carr, E. H. (1961). What is history: Ramdom House.
- Chen, A., Vishwanath, V. (2005). Expanding in China. Harvard Business Review, 83(3).
- Chen, M.-J. (2001). Inside Chinese business: A guide for managers worldwide: Harvard Business School Press.
- Child, J., Rodrigues, S. B. (2004). Corporate Governance in International Joint Ventures: Toward a Theory of Partner Preferences. In A. Grandori (Ed.), Corporate Governance and Firm Organization: Microfoundations and Structural Forms: Oxford University Press.
- Cleary, T. (2009). The Way of the World: Readings in Chinese Philosophy: Shambhala Publications Inc.
- Confucius. (1971). Confucian Analects, The Great Learning & The Doctrine of the Mean (James Legge ed.): Dover Publications
- Creel, H. G. (1953). The Totalitarianism of the Legalists. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
- Croce, B. (1981). Historical Materialism and the Economics of Karl Marx (Materialismo storico ed economia marxistica): Transaction Publishers (originally published in 1900).
- Damasio, A. R. (1994). Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain: Putnam Publishing.
- Das, T. K. (1987). Strategic planning and individual temporal orientation. Strategic Management Journal, 8(2): 203 – 210.
- Deng, X. P. (2004). The Selected Works of Deng Xiao Ping: People’s Press.
- Descartes, R. (1960). Discourse on Method and Meditations (L. J. Lafleur, Trans.). New York: The Liberal Arts Press (Originally published in 1637).
- Drucker, P. (2000). The Ecological Vision: Reflections on the American Condition: Transaction Publishers.
- Drucker, P. F. (1954). The Practice of Management: HarperBusiness.
- Ekman, P., Davidson, R. J. (1994). The Nature of Emotion: Fundamental Questions: Oxford University Press.
- Fan, Y. (2000). A classification of Chinese culture. Cross Cultural Management, 7(2): 3 – 10.
- Foo, C. T. (2007). Epistemology of strategy: some insights from empirical analyses. Chinese Management Studies, 1(3): 154.
- Foo, C. T. (2008). Cognitive strategy from the Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Chinese Management Studies, 2(3): 171.
- Giles, L. (2007). The Art of War by Sun Tzu (Special Edition): El Paso Norte Press.
- Graham, J. L., Lam, N. M. (2003). The Chinese Negotiation. Harvard Business Review, 81(10).
- Hall, E. T. (1976). Beyond Culture: Anchor Books.
- Hill, D. (2008). Emotionomics: Kogan Page.
- Hofstede, G. (2003). Culture’s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions and Organizations Across Nations (2nd ed.): Sage Publication.
- Huang, G. H., Law, K. S., Wong, C. S. (2006). Emotional intelligence: A critical review. In L. V. Wesley (Ed.), Intelligence: New Research: Nova Science Pub Inc.
- Huang, Y. (2008). Capitalism with Chinese Characteristics: Entrepreneurship and the State: Cambridge University Press.
- Huy, Q. N. (2009). What does managing emotions in organization mean?: La Chaire de management stratégique international Walter-J.-Somers, HEC Montréal (Working paper).
- Ivanhoe, P. J., Van Norden, B. W. (2006). Readings in Classical Chinese Philosophy: Hackett.
- Jiang, X. (2009). Enlightment Movement. In B. Mou (Ed.), History of Chinese Philosophy Routledge.
- Jones, G. R. (2009). Organizational Theory, Design, and Change: Prentice Hall.
- Kirkland, R. (2004). Taoism: The Enduring Tradition. London and New York: Routledge, 2004.
- Laks, A. (1991). Utopie Législative de Platon. Revue Philosophique, 4: 416 – 428.
- Lawrence, S. V. (2000). Beer Making: A thirst for success. Far Eastern Economic Review, 163(52): 106 – 108.
- Luo, G. (2003). The Three Kingdoms (M. Roberts, Trans.): Foreign Languages Press and University of California Press (Originally published in Chinese in 14th century).
- Martin, T. R. (2009). Herodotus and Sima Qian: The First Great Historians of Greece and China. Boston: Bedford and St. Martin’s.
- McNeilly, M. (1996). Sun Tzu and the Art of Business : Six Strategic Principles for Managers. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Mencius. (1971). The Works of Mencius (James Legge ed.): Dover Publications.
- Mezias, S. J., Glynn, M. A. (1993). The Three Faces of Corporate Renewal: Institution, revolution and evolution. Strategic Management Journal, 14(2): 77.
- Moore, C. A. (1967). Chinese Mind: Essentials of Chinese Philosophy and Culture: University of Hawaii Press.
- Morris, J., Hassard, J., Sheehan, J. (2002). Privatization, Chinese-style: Economic reform and the state-owned enterprises. Public Administration, 80(2): 359 – 373.
- Mosakowski, E., Earley, P. C. (2000). A selective review of time assumptions in strategy research. Academy of Management Review, 25(4): 796 – 812.
- Mou, B. (2009). History of Chinese Philosophy: Routledge.
- Nuttin, J. (1985). Future time perspective and motivation: Theoryand research method: Leuven University Press/Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Pascale, R. T. (1990). Managing On the Edge: How the smartest companies use conflict to stay ahead? : Simon and Schuster
- Peng, M. W. (2000). Business Strategy in Transition Economies Sage Publications, Inc. .
- Pitcher, P. (1995). Artists, Craftsmen and Technocrats: The Dreams, Relaties and Illusions of Leadership: Stoddart Pub.
- Pitcher, P. (1999). Artists, Craftsmen and Technocrats. Training and Development, 53(7): 30.
- Prasad, E. S., Rajan, R. G. (2006). Modernizing China’s Growth Paradigm. The American Economic Review, 96(2): 331.
- Redding, G., Witt, M. A. (2008). The Future of Chinese Capitalism: Oxford University Press.
- Robinet, I. (2008). Taiji Tu: Diagram of the Great Ultimate. In F. Pregadio (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of Taoism A−Z: Routledge.
- Rothbard, M. (1990). Concepts of the Role of Intellectuals in Social Change Toward Laissez Faire. The Journal of Libertarian Studies, 9(2).
- Russell, B. (1969). The History of Western Philosophy: Touchstone (Originally published in 1946).
- Russell, J. A. (1991). Culture and the Categorization of Emotions. Psychological Bulletin, 110: 426 – 450
- Samovar, L. A., Porter, R. E. (2004). Communication Between Cultures (5th ed.): Thompson and Wadsworth.
- Samovar, L. A., Porter, R. E., Stefani, L. A. (1998). Communication Between Cultures (3rd ed.): Wadsworth Publishing Company.
- Sastry, M. A. (1997). Problems and paradoxes in a model of punctuated organizational change. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42(2): 237 – 275.
- Sawyer, R. D. (2007). The Seven Military Classics of Ancient China. New York: Basic Books.
- Schumacher, E. F. (1967). Small Is Beautiful: Economics as if People Mattered: Abacus.
- Scott, W. R. (1981). Organizations: Rational, natural, and open systems: Prentice-Hall.
- Scott, W. R. (2001). Institutions and Organziations (2nd ed.): Sage Publications Inc. .
- Simon, H. A. (1957). Administrative Behavior (2nd ed.): Macmillan.
- Simon, H. A. (1960). The New Science of Management Decision: Harper & Row.
- Tung, R. L. (1994). Strategic management thought in East Asia. Organizational Dynamics, 22(4).
- Van Norden, B. W., Ivanhoe, P. J. (2005). Readings in Classical Chinese Philosophy. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company.
- Vaughan, D. (1996). The Challenger Launch Decision: University of Chiago Press.
- Verstappen, S. H. (1999). The Thirty-Six Strategies of Ancient China. San Francisco: C.B. Inc.
- Wei, Y. (2009). The Selected Works of Wei Yuan: (魏源集) Zhonghua Book Company (中华书局) (Originally published in 19th Century).
- Wing, R. L. (1988). The Art of Strategy: A New Translation of Sun Tzu’s Classic The Art of War. New York: Broadway Books.
- WSJ. (2006). Retail’s One-China Problem: Immense, Fragmented Market Poses Problems for Wal-Mart, Other Chains Seeking to Expand, Wall Street Journal (Oct. 23, 2006).
- Zhang, D. (1946). Knowledge and Culture (知识与文化): Commerial Press (商务印书馆).