Abstracts
Résumé
Le traitement hormonal substitutif ne confère pas de protection cardio-vasculaire chez la femme ménopausée comme le montre l’étude nord-américaine WHI 2002 (Women’s health initiative). Ce résultat contraste avec le fait que l’oestradiol (E2) prévient la constitution de la strie lipidique (c’est-à-dire des premiers stades de l’athérosclérose) dans tous les modèles animaux. L’effet bénéfique sur le profil lipidique, observé en clinique, est absent chez la souris et ne peut donc expliquer l’effet protecteur observé dans cette espèce. Les oestrogènes exercent un effet bénéfique sur l’endothélium, comme l’augmentation de la production de monoxyde d’azote, l’accélération de la réendothélialisation ou encore la prévention de l’apoptose. Les effets de l’oestradiol sur le système immuno-inflammatoire sont plus ambigus. D’une part, alors que l’E2 protège des souris immunocompétentes du dépôt lipidique, il n’a plus d’effet chez des souris immunodéficientes. Ainsi, les lymphocytes sont nécessaires à la manifestation des effets bénéfiques de l’E2 aux premiers stades du processus athéromateux (constitution de la strie lipidique) dans tous les modèles expérimentaux. D’autre part, en augmentant la production d’interféron γ, l’E2 pourrait contribuer à déstabiliser la chape fibro-musculaire qui encercle la strie lipidique. Cet effet potentiellement néfaste sur la stabilité de la plaque d’athérosclérose pourrait rendre compte de l’absence de bénéfice (et même d’un effet délétère à l’instauration du traitement) sur les lésions d’athérosclérose des femmes ménopausées.
Summary
Hormonal replacement therapy does not prevent cardiovacular events in postmenopausal women. In contrast, the incidence of cardiovascular diseases is higher in men than in premenopausal women but increases in postmenopausal women, and all animal studies demonstrate a prevention of fatty streak deposit by estradiol. Although estradiol improves the lipoprotein profile, this effect can account for only a minor part of the protective effect. Endothelium appears to be an important target for estradiol, because this hormone potentiates endothelial nitric oxide (NO) production, thus promoting the beneficial effects of NO, such as vasorelaxation and inhibition of platelet aggregation. Estradiol accelerates endothelial regrowth, thus favoring vascular healing, and prevents apoptosis of endothelial cells. Estradiol prevents fatty streak deposit through a mechanism which is clearly independent of NO. The immuno-inflammatory system appears to play a key role in the development of fatty streak deposit as well as in atherosclerotic plaque rupture. Mice deficient either in monocyte-macrophages or in lymphocytes are partially protected against fatty streak deposit. Interestingly, the atheroprotective effect of estradiol is absent in mice deficient in T and B lymphocytes. Most of these effects of estradiol are mediated by estrogen receptor α, and are independent of estrogen receptor β. Thus, the inflammatory-immune system appears to be also a major target of estrogens. However, the effects of estrogens on the immuno-inflammatory system appear ambiguous, as in some models, estradiol rather promotes inflammation (by increasing interferon γ which could elicit plaque destabilization). A better understanding of the mechanisms of estrogens on the normal and atheromatous arteries is required and should help to optimize the prevention of cardiovascular disease after menopause.
Appendices
Références
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