Abstracts
Résumé
L’exploration du monde visuel se fait par les saccades oculaires, successions de brefs mouvements des yeux. Ces mouvements volontaires nécessitent une décision complexe qui dépend du contexte perceptif et des intentions du sujet. Ils impliquent des voies d’exécution sous-corticales qui sont sous le contrôle du cortex cérébral. Le développement des techniques d’imagerie cérébrale fonctionnelle a permis d’obtenir une image anatomofonctionnelle précise de ces réseaux corticaux intervenant dans le contrôle des différents types de saccades volontaires. La mise en oeuvre de paradigmes complexes, comme l’apprentissage de séquences de saccades, a révélé l’implication non seulement des régions frontales et pariétales déjà décrites, mais aussi de régions préfrontales et médiotemporales. Cette connaissance approfondie de l’activité corticale normale associée aux diverses composantes des mouvements oculaires peut être mise à profit pour mieux comprendre, tester et éventuellement dépister certaines maladies.
Summary
Saccades are very rapid eye movements allowing us to explore the visual world. Although most of the time unconscious, the programming of each saccade implies a complex decision which depends upon both the perceptual context and the intentions of the subject. The cerebral cortex is critically involved in deciding where, when and in which sequence we move the eyes. Using sophisticated experimental designs, such as the learning of sequences of saccades, has revealed that besides a core fronto-parietal circuit, prefrontal, cingulate, and mediotemporal regions seem critically involved in higher level oculomotor control. Understanding precisely the cortical networks associated to different components of ocular movements can certainly be very useful to characterize, test, and eventually detect various kinds of neurological pathology.
Appendices
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