Abstracts
Résumé
Aux États-Unis, 96 % de la population vit dans un comté qui a connu un évènement météorologique déclaré catastrophe naturelle par le gouvernement fédéral au cours des dernières années. Le développement dans les zones inondables menace les côtes et les rivières. Cette menace est exacerbée par des ponceaux et autres infrastructures de franchissement de cours d’eau dimensionnés et conçus en fonction de l’utilisation préalable du territoire, souvent dans le seul objectif de diriger l’eau sous les routes. En revanche, les infrastructures naturelles ou inspirées par le fonctionnement de la nature (plaines inondables, passages de cours d’eau qui maintiennent la connectivité aquatique, etc.) peuvent être résilientes aux inondations et acheminer l’eau sous les routes, tout en offrant d’autres avantages, notamment pour la conservation des habitats du poisson et d’autres espèces fauniques. Au Massachusetts, les normes de conception des traverses de cours d’eau ont été changées en mettant l’accent sur une approche multi-objectifs de gestion des risques d’inondation (p. ex. intégrité de l’infrastructure existante, connectivité écologique). Quatre catégories de conditions-clés favorisent l’intégration d’approches basées sur la résilience climatique des milieux naturels : la réglementation; l’assistance technique et le financement; le suivi; et l’engagement communautaire. Nous présentons comment chacune a influencé la conception des passages aquatiques dans tout le Massachusetts.
Mots-clés :
- connectivité des habitats,
- espèces migratrices,
- inondations,
- infrastructures de transport,
- réduction de risques
Abstract
Ninety-six percent of the U.S. population lives in a county that has experienced a federally declared, weather-related disaster in the last several years. A major threat to coasts and rivers is development in flood-prone areas. Road-stream crossing infrastructure sized and designed for past land uses, and often focused on the single objective of directing water under roads, exacerbates this threat. Natural and nature-based infrastructure such as floodplains and road-stream crossings that allow fluvial connectivity can provide flood resilience, and direct water under roads, while also providing multiple additional benefits, including fish and wildlife habitat. This article investigates the statewide stream crossing design standard changes in Massachusetts that emphasize a multi-objective approach (traditional infrastructure integrity and ecological connectivity) to flood risk management. Four key categories of enabling conditions are identified that can help mainstream the use of nature-based approaches to climate resilience: regulations, technical assistance and funding, monitoring, and community engagement. This article investigates how these enabling conditions played out in Massachusetts to influence the statewide design of road-stream crossings.
Keywords:
- flooding,
- habitat connectivity,
- migratory species,
- risk reduction,
- transportation infrastructure
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Appendices
Remerciements
Merci aux réviseurs anonymes, à Caroline Daguet pour la traduction du texte vers le français et à l’équipe du Naturaliste canadien pour leur contribution à améliorer ce manuscrit.
Notes biographiques
Alison A. Bowden est directrice de la conservation des rivières, milieux côtiers et océans pour The Nature Conservancy au Massachusetts, États-Unis.
Sara E. Burns est une scientifique spécialisée en ressource en eau pour The Nature Conservancy au Massachusetts, États-Unis.
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