Abstracts
Abstract
Corn (maize, Zea mays) is susceptible to contamination with aflatoxins, fumonisins and other mycotoxins, particularly in the southeastern USA. In principle, mycotoxin contamination could be reduced in commercial corn hybrids with shorter growing seasons by planting at dates which minimize plant stress during the critical kernel-filling period. To evaluate this strategy, commercial Bt and non-Bt hybrids were planted in Arkansas in mid-April and early May of 2002, 2004 and 2005. The mid-April planting date resulted in lower aflatoxin contamination in harvested corn each yr and in significantly less frequent contamination above a regulatory action level in 2005 and overall than did the early-May planting date in both Bt and non-Bt corn. The mid-April planting date resulted in significantly lower total fumonisin contamination in harvested corn and in less frequent contamination above a regulatory advisory level than the early May planting date in 2 of 3 yr and overall in both Bt and non-Bt corn. All fumonisin subtypes studied were reduced. Frequent co-occurrence of aflatoxin and fumonisin was observed. Fumonisin levels averaged lower in Bt hybrids than in non-Bt hybrids at all plantings. Reduced aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination with mid-April planting could not be explained by any measure of heat stress during the kernel-filling period.
Keywords:
- Aflatoxin,
- Aspergillus flavus,
- Bt and non-Bt corn hybrids,
- date of planting,
- fumonisin,
- maize,
- weather factors
Résumé
Le maïs (Zea mays) est sensible à la contamination par les aflatoxines, les fumonisines et d'autres mycotoxines, surtout dans le sud-est des États-Unis. En principe, la contamination par les mycotoxines pourrait être diminuée chez les hybrides commerciaux de maïs par des saisons de croissance plus courtes en plantant à des dates qui minimisent le stress sur les plantes au moment de la période critique du remplissage des grains. Pour évaluer cette stratégie, des hybrides commerciaux Bt et non Bt ont été semés en Arkansas de la mi-avril au début de mai 2002, 2004 et 2005. Pour toutes les années, tant pour le maïs Bt que le non Bt, le grain issu des semis de la mi-avril était moins contaminé aux aflatoxines que celui semé au début de mai. De même, la contamination supérieure aux niveaux légalement acceptés a été moindre en 2005 et dans l'ensemble pour les semis de la mi-avril. Avec les semis de la mi-avril, il y avait significativement moins de contamination par les fumonisines dans le grain récolté et moins de contamination supérieure aux niveaux légalement acceptés qu'avec les semis du début de mai pour deux des trois années et dans l'ensemble, tant pour le maïs Bt que celui non Bt. La quantité de tous les sous-types de fumonisines étudiés a été diminuée. La présence simultanée d'aflatoxines et de fumonisines a fréquemment été observée. Pour tous les semis, les quantités de fumonisines des hybrides Bt ont été inférieures en moyenne à celles des hybrides non Bt. Les moindres contaminations par les aflatoxines et les fumonisines avec les semis de la mi-avril n'ont pu être expliquées par aucune des mesures du stress causé par la chaleur lors de la période du remplissage des grains.
Mots clés:
- aflatoxine,
- Aspergillus flavus,
- date de semis,
- facteurs climatiques,
- fumonisine,
- hybrides de maïs Bt et non Bt,
- maïs
Appendices
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