Abstracts
Abstract
In 2005 the “Constitutional Treaty” designed to restructure the governance of the European Union (EU) was rejected in popular referendums in France and the Netherlands. Subsequently only in Ireland was a referendum held on the Lisbon Treaty, which reinstated most elements in the previous version, in June 2008. Again a negative result threw the EU into crisis, though a second Irish vote in October 2009 yielded a different result.
The “no” votes reflected a familiar pattern of popular rejection of initiatives on European integration. This article provides an overview of such referendums in western Europe, focusing in particular on the role of national trade unions in popular votes on EU accession and on Treaty revisions. It discusses trade union intervention in a dozen countries which held referendums since the Single European Act in the 1980s (and in the United Kingdom, which did not).
It is evident that while mainstream trade unions (or at least their leaders) have usually endorsed the integration process, in most countries where referendums have been held their members have voted otherwise. This has been particularly evident among manual workers. Sometimes popular attitudes have been strongly influenced by narrowly nationalistic arguments, but rejection has often been based on “progressive” rather than “reactionary” grounds. In particular, the justified view that the EU in its current direction is encouraging a neoliberal, pro-capitalist drift in social and economic policy has underlain a left-wing critique of further integration.
But having assented to the underlying architecture of actually existing Europeanization, unions have rarely shown the will to mobilize offensively around an alternative vision of social Europe. This has left the field open to right-wing nationalists (and to fringe left-wing parties with only a limited electoral base) to campaign in the “no” camp during referendums. Popular attitudes are malleable, but it requires a major strategic re-orientation if unions are to reconnect with their members in order to build a popular movement for a genuinely social Europe.
Keywords:
- European Union,
- referendums,
- trade unions,
- Lisbon Treaty,
- neoliberalism,
- social Europe
Résumé
En 2005, la France et les Pays-Bas rejetaient, par référendum populaire, la Constitution européenne qui devait permettre de restructurer la gouvernance de l’Union européenne. Par la suite, seule l’Irlande, en juin 2008, soumettait le Traité de Lisbonne au référendum. Ce traité rétablissait la plupart des éléments présents dans la Constitution européenne. Le résultat négatif du référendum irlandais créait une autre crise à l’intérieur de l’Union européenne, malgré le résultat positif obtenu lors du deuxième vote, en octobre 2009.
Les résultats négatifs des votes par référendum sont caractéristiques du rejet des initiatives d’intégration de l’Europe. Cet article présente une vue d’ensemble des référendums qui se sont tenus en Europe en insistant sur le rôle des syndicats nationaux. L’auteur discute des activités menées par les syndicats dans les pays ayant tenu des référendums depuis l’Acte unique européen dans les années 1980 et au Royaume-Uni, qui n’en n’a pas tenu.
Il apparaît évident que même si les syndicats les plus importants (ou leurs dirigeants) ont généralement appuyé le processus d’intégration, leurs membres ont voté autrement dans la plupart des pays qui ont tenu des référendums. Ce constat est encore plus clair chez les travailleurs manuels. Quelquefois, les attitudes des travailleurs ont été influencées par des arguments strictement nationalistes mais le rejet a souvent pris racine sur des bases progressistes plutôt que réactionnaires. En particulier, la perception justifiée que l’Union européenne, dans sa direction actuelle, encourage un glissement des politiques économiques et sociales vers le néolibéralisme (procapitaliste) était sous-jacente aux critiques de la gauche envers une intégration plus poussée.
Mais, ayant consenti à l’architecture implicite du processus d’européanisation existant, les syndicats ont rarement démontré leur volonté de se mobiliser pour promouvoir une vision alternative de l’Europe. Ceci permet aux nationalistes de droite (et aux partis de gauche qui ont une base électorale limitée) de mener des campagnes dans le camp du « non » lors des référendums. Les attitudes des gens peuvent être modifiées, mais cela exigerait des syndicats une réorientation stratégique majeure s’ils veulent rétablir les ponts avec leurs membres pour permettre l’émergence d’un mouvement populaire en faveur d’une véritable Europe sociale.
Mots-clés:
- Union européenne,
- référendum,
- syndicat,
- Traité de Lisbonne,
- néolibéralisme,
- Europe sociale
Resumen
En 2005, la Francia y los Países Bajos rechazaron por referéndum popular la Constitución Europea que debía permitir de reestructurar la gobernanza de la Unión Europea. Luego, en junio 2008, solo Irlanda realizaba un referéndum sobre el Tratado de Lisboa. Este tratado restablecía la mayoría de elementos presentes en la versión precedente. El resultado negativo del referéndum irlandés creó otra crisis al interior de la Unión Europea a pesar del resultado positivo obtenido con el segundo voto en octubre 2009.
Los resultados negativos de los votos por referéndum reflejan un modo familiar de rechazo popular contra las iniciativas de integración europea. Este artículo presenta una visión del conjunto de los referéndums que han tenido lugar en Europa, insistiendo sobre el rol de los sindicatos nacionales. Se discute las intervenciones sindicales en los países que han tenido referéndum después del Acta Única Europea de los años 1980 y en el Reino Unido donde no ha habido referéndum.
Resulta evidente que a pesar que los sindicatos más importantes (o al menos sus dirigentes) han apoyado generalmente el proceso de integración, sus miembros han votado de manera diferente en la mayoría de países donde ha habido referéndums. Esta constatación es aún más clara en el caso de los trabajadores manuales. Algunas veces las actitudes de los trabajadores han sido influenciadas por los argumentos estrictamente nacionalistas pero, más a menudo, el rechazo se base en fundamentos progresistas más que en fundamentos reaccionarios. En particular, la percepción justificada que la Unión Europea, en su dirección actual, alienta un deslizamiento de políticas económicas y sociales hacia el neoliberalismo (pro capitalista) fue subyacente a las críticas de la izquierda contra una integración más avanzada.
Aunque los sindicatos han consentido a la arquitectura implícita del proceso de europeización existente, ellos han raramente demostrado su voluntad de movilizarse para promover una visión alternativa de la Europa. Esto ha permitido a los nacionalistas de derecha (y a los partidos de izquierda que tienen una base electoral limitada) de organizar campañas en el campo del “no” durante los referéndums. Las actitudes populares pueden ser maleables, pero ello exigiría una importante reorientación estratégica si los sindicatos quieren restablecer los lazos con sus miembros para permitir le emergencia de un movimiento popular en favor de una verdadera Europa social.
Palabras clave:
- Unión Europea,
- referéndum,
- sindicato,
- Tratado de Lisboa,
- neoliberalismo,
- Europa social
Appendices
References
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