Abstracts
Abstract
Worker centres are community-based mediating institutions that organize, advocate and provide direct support to low-wage workers. Moving into the void left by the decline of labour unions, local political parties and other groups, these centres are addressing issues that low wage, largely immigrant workers face at the workplace. In 1992, there were five such organizations, but by 2003, there were at least 137 worker centres in the United States rooted in communities where immigrant populations had settled. I estimate there to be more than 200 worker centres in 2011. Worker centres attract labourers who are often the hardest-to-organize and, because the organizations are unencumbered by the Wagner Act and subsequent Taft Hartley amendments which stripped unions of some of their most potent tactics, they can sometimes act as “organizing laboratories” creating and testing new and innovative strategies.
Centres have had some significant organizing and public policy successes and have placed labour standards enforcement on the public policy agenda at the state and national levels. During their formative years, these organizations displayed important strengths but also exhibited weaknesses that appeared to limit their ability to get to scale. Over the last five years, they have moved into a new phase of development. Centres have shown institutional resilience. Not only have new centres emerged, but there has been a growing trend toward federation in which strong individual centres have joined existing national networks or formed new ones which have in turn helped to establish new organizations or affiliate existing ones.
While some early worker centres were rejectionist toward the mainstream labour movement, the over-arching trajectory has been in the opposite direction with worker centres seeking cooperation. In fact, there is a growing trend toward institutional partnerships with unions and government. Finally, centres and their national networks are playing strategic roles in broader movement building around immigrant rights, global justice and the right to organize.
Keywords:
- worker centres,
- immigrant worker organizing,
- hybrid forms
Résumé
Les centres locaux d’aide aux travailleurs (worker centres) sont des institutions communautaires qui cherchent à organiser, à conseiller et à aider les travailleurs précaires et à faibles revenus, immigrants pour la plupart. Ces centres comblent ainsi des besoins auxquels les partis politiques, les syndicats traditionnels et d’autres organismes communautaires parviennent difficilement à répondre. En 1992, il n’existait que cinq organismes de la sorte aux États-Unis, mais en 2003, leur nombre s’élevait à pas moins de 137. Présents dans des communautés très diversifiées sur le plan ethnique, l’on estime aujourd’hui qu’environ 200 de ces centres apportent leur soutien aux travailleurs. La clientèle de ces centres occupe souvent des emplois dans des secteurs où il demeure extrêmement difficile, pour les syndicats, de regrouper les travailleurs en raison des contraintes inhérentes au régime législatif mis en place par le Wagner Act puis le Taft Hartley Act. C’est ainsi que ces centres réussissent parfois à agir comme des « laboratoires de syndicalisation », en créant et éprouvant de nouvelles stratégies innovatrices visant à regrouper les travailleurs.
Ces centres ont connu un certain succès dans l’organisation des travailleurs et en matière de politiques publiques, parvenant à faire inscrire le renforcement des normes minimales de travail parmi les priorités gouvernementales, que ce soit au niveau des États ou à l’échelle nationale. Si ces organismes présentaient des qualités indéniables, ils comportaient aussi certaines faiblesses qui limitaient leur capacité à faire progresser la cause des travailleurs. Au cours des cinq dernières années, ils sont entrés dans une nouvelle phase de leur développement qui atteste de leur résilience institutionnelle. Non seulement de nouveaux centres ont émergé, mais il y a également une tendance croissante à fédérer les centres. Les centres locaux les plus efficaces ont rejoint les réseaux nationaux existants ou ont créé de nouveaux réseaux qui ont aidé en retour à créer de nouveaux organismes ou à affilier ceux déjà existants.
Si quelques-uns des premiers centres locaux d’aide aux travailleurs ont été créés plutôt en réaction face au modèle du mouvement ouvrier traditionnel, la trajectoire d’ensemble pointe dans la direction opposée avec des centres enclins à la coopération. En fait, il y a une tendance croissante vers des partenariats institutionnels avec les syndicats et le gouvernement. Ainsi, les centres et leurs réseaux nationaux jouent des rôles stratégiques dans l’établissement d’un mouvement associatif plus large axé sur les droits des immigrants, la justice sociale et le droit d’association.
Mots-clés :
- centres d’aide aux travailleurs,
- syndicalisation des travailleurs immigrants,
- formes hybrides d’organisation
Resumen
Los centros de trabajadores son instituciones mediadoras de tipo comunitario que organizan, defienden y ofrecen apoyo directo a los trabajadores con bajo salario. Frente al vacío creado con el declive del sindicalismo, de los partidos políticos y de otros grupos, estos centros se ocupan de los problemas que enfrentan los trabajadores con bajo salario, que son mayoritariamente inmigrantes. En 1992, había cinco organizaciones de ese tipo, pero en 2003, había al menos 137 centros de trabajadores en los Estados Unidos enraizadas en las comunidades donde la población inmigrante se ha establecido. Se estima que hay más de 200 centros de trabajadores en 2011. Los centros de trabajadores atraen trabajadores que a menudo son más difíciles de organizar y, porque las organizaciones están siendo ahogadas por la Ley Wagner y las enmiendas subsiguientes de Taft Hartley que despojó a los sindicatos de algunas de sus más poderosas tácticas, dichos centros pueden a veces actuar como “organizaciones laboratorio” creando y ensayando nuevas estrategias innovadoras.
Los centros han obtenido algunos éxitos significativos en la organización y la política pública y han establecido ciertos niveles de reforzamiento laboral en la agenda política pública a nivel estatal y nacional. Durante sus anos de formación, estas organizaciones muestran fuerzas importantes pero también ciertas debilidades que parecen limitar su capacidad para salir adelante. En los últimos cinco anos, han pasado a una nueva fase de desarrollo. Los Centros han mostrado una capacidad de recuperación institucional. No solo han surgido nuevos centros pero se constata una tendencia creciente en favor de la federación en la que los distintos centros fuertes se han unido a las redes nacionales existentes o han formado nuevas redes, las que a su vez han contribuido a establecer nuevas organizaciones o a afiliar aquellas ya existentes.
Mientras que algunos centros de trabajadores manifestaron en un inicio su rechazo al movimiento laboral en general, la trayectoria no necesariamente lineal ha tomado una dirección opuesta a la cooperación buscada por los centros laborales. De hecho, existe una tendencia hacia las alianzas institucionales con los sindicatos y el gobierno. Por ultimo, los centros y sus redes nacionales están desempeñando un rol estratégico en la construcción de un movimiento más amplio en torno a los derechos de los inmigrantes, la justicia global y el derecho a organizarse.
Palabras clave:
- centros de trabajadores,
- organización de trabajadores inmigrantes,
- formas hibridas
Appendices
References
- AFL-CIO (American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations). 2006. Executive Council Resolution, 10 August.
- Bernhardt, Annette, et al. 2009. “Broken Laws, Unprotected Workers: Violations of Employment and Labor Laws in America’s Cities.” Report by the Center for Urban Economic Development, the National Employment Law Project and the UCLA Institute for Research on Labor and Employment. http://www.unprotectedworkers.org/index.php/broken_laws/index (accessed 21 March 2011).
- Bobo, Kim. 2009. Wage Theft in America: Why Millions of Working Americans Are Not Getting Paid – And What We Can Do About It. New York: The New Press.
- Bourdieu, Pierre. 1991. Language and Symbolic Power. Cambridge: Polity.
- Campbell, John L. 2005. “Where Do We Stand? Common Mechanisms in Organizations and Social Movement Research.” Social Movements and Organization Theory. G. F. Davis, D. McAdam, W. R. Scott and M. N. Zald, eds. New York: Cambridge University Press, 41-68.
- Chisti, Muzaffar. 2000. “Employer Sanctions against Immigrant Workers.” WorkingUSA, 3 (6), 71-76.
- Chun, Jennifer Jihye. 2005. Organizing at the Margins: The Symbolic Politics of Labor in South Korea and the United States. New York: ILR Press, 7-23.
- Dubovsky, Melvin. 1969. We Shall Be All: A History of the Industrial Workers of the World. Chicago: Quadrangle Books.
- Fine, Janice. 2005. “Community Unions and the Revival of the American Labor Movement.” Politics and Society, 33 (1), 153-199.
- Fine, Janice. 2006. Worker Centers: Organizing Communities at the Edge of the Dream. Ithaca and London: ILR Press an imprint of Cornell University Press.
- Fine, Janice. 2007. “A Marriage Made in Heaven? Mismatches and Misunderstandings between Worker Centres and Unions.” British Journal of Industrial Relations, 45 (2), 335-360.
- Fine, Janice. 2011. “When the Rubber Hits the High Road: Labor and Community Complexities in the Greening of the Garden State.” Labor Studies Journal, 36 (1), 122-161.
- Fine, Janice and Jennifer Gordon. 2010. “Strengthening Labor Standards Enforcement through Partnerships with Workers Organizations.” Politics and Society, 38 (4), 552-585.
- Fine, Janice, Jeff Grabelsky and Victor Narro. 2008. “Building a Future Together: Worker Centers and Construction Unions.” Labor Studies Journal, 33 (1), 27-47.
- Fitzgerald, David. 2000. “Beyond ‘Transnationalism’: Mexican Hometown Politics at an American Labour Union.” Ethnic and Racial Studies, 27 (2), 237-240.
- Foner, Philip S. 1965. History of the Labor Movement in the United States, Volume 4: The Industrial Workers of the World 1905-1917. New York: International Publishers.
- Fox, Jonathan and Xochitl Bada. 2009. “Migrant Civic Engagement.” Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Mexico Institute, Research Paper Series on Latino Immigrant Civic and Political Participation, No. 3, 1-20.
- Ganz, Marshall. 2001. “The Power of Story in Social Movements.” American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, 16 pp.
- Ganz, Marshall. 2009. Why David Sometimes Wins: Leadership, Organization and Strategy in the California Farm Worker Movement. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Goldfield, Michael. 1987. The Decline of Organized Labor in the United States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Hall, Rodney Bruce. 1997. “Moral Authority as a Power Resource.” International Organization, 51 (4), 599-622.
- Hondagneu-Sotelo, Pierrette. 1994. “The History of Mexican Undocumented Settlement in the United States.” Gendered Transitions: Mexican Experiences of Immigration. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 19-33.
- Interfaith Worker Justice. 2010. Thou Shalt Not Steal: A Toolkit on Wage Theft.
- Jenkins, Steve. 2002. “Organizing, Advocacy, and Member Power.” Working USA: The Journal of Labor and Society, 6 (2), 56-89.
- Kochhar, Rakesh, C. Soledad Espinoza and Rebecca Hinze-Pifer. 2010. Pew Hispanic Center Report. After the Great Recession: Foreign Born Gain Jobs; Native Born Lose Jobs. Washington DC: Pew Research Center.
- Lambert, Josiah Bartlett. 2005. If the Workers Took a Notion: The Right to Strike and American Political Development. Ithaca, NY: ILR Press
- Levitt, Peggy. 2001. The Transnational Villagers. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Lipsky, Michael. 1968. “Protest as a Power Resource.” American Political Science Review, 62 (4), 1144-1158.
- Massey, Douglas S. 1995. “The New Immigration and Ethnicity in the United States.” Population and Development Review, 21 (3).
- Milkman, Ruth. 2010. “Introduction.” Working for Justice: The L.A. Model of Organizing and Advocacy. R. Milkman, J. Bloom and V. Narro, eds. Ithaca, NY: ILR Press, 1-19.
- Minkoff, Debra C. 2002. “The Emergence of Hybrid Organizational Forms: Combining Identity-Based Service Provision and Political Action.” Non-Profit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 31 (3), 377-401.
- Morris, Aldon. 1984. The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement: Black Communities Organizing for Change. New York: Free Press.
- NDLON (National Day Laborer Organizing Network). 2004. “From Hopes to Realities: Our 2003-2004 Accomplishments.” Los Angeles (CA), August, 5.
- Oberschall, Anthony. 1973. Social Conflict and Social Movements. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Publishers.
- Schattschneider, Elmer E. 1975. The Semisovereign People: A Realist’s View of Democracy in America. Hinsdale, IL: Dryden Press.
- Schmidley, Diane. 2001. U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, Series P23-206: Profile of the Foreign-Born Population in the United States: 2000. Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
- Skocpol, Theda. 2003. Diminished Democracy: From Membership to Management in American Civic Life. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
- Sullivan, Richard. 2009. “Density Matters: The Union Density Bias and Its Implications for Labor Movement Revitalization.” Mobilization: An International Quarterly, 14 (2), 239-260.
- Swartz, Heidi. 2007. “Political Opportunity, Venue Shopping and Strategic Innovation: ACORN’s National Organizing.” Transforming the City: Community Organizing and the Challenge of Political Change. M. Orr, ed. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 134-161.
- Theodore, Nik. 2010. “Generative Work: Popular Education and Day Labor Organizing in the U.S.” Department of Urban Planning and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago (unpublished manuscript).
- Ulman, Lloyd. 1955. The Rise of the National Trade Union. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
- Zald, Mayer N., Calvin Morrill and Hayagreeva Rao. 2005. “The Impact of Social Movements on Organizations: Environment and Responses.” Social Movements and Organization Theory. G. F. Davis, D. McAdam, W. R. Scott and M. N. Zald, eds. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 253-279.